Delman D. maulod; Ayhan Jalal; Sami Mahdi Ahmed; Delman D. maulod
Volume 22, Issue 3 , September 2022, Pages 44-52
Abstract
This study was conducted to demonstrate the effect of supplemented thyme powder on growth performance, blood parameters and carcass traits in Japanese quail. One hundred and eighty (180) quail chicks after one week rearing were divide into four treatments which called: (T1) basal diet without thyme ; ...
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This study was conducted to demonstrate the effect of supplemented thyme powder on growth performance, blood parameters and carcass traits in Japanese quail. One hundred and eighty (180) quail chicks after one week rearing were divide into four treatments which called: (T1) basal diet without thyme ; (T2) basal diet added 0.5% of thyme powder; (T3) basal diet added 0.75% of thyme powder; (T4) basal diet added 1% of thyme powder. Each treatment included 45 birds with three replicates, 15 birds in each replicate. all treatments were fed ad libitum of their own diet. The results showed that the addition of thyme powder significantly (p≤0.05) increased the values of live body weight and body weight gain. The food consumed did not differ significantly in all treatments (p≤0.05). Male eviscerated dressing percentage did not differ significantly (p≤0.05), however, there is a significant increase (p≤0.05) in females. The breast, wings, legs and backs percentage increased significantly (p≤0.05) in both of males and females of the thyme supplemented treatments. Blood serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides in males and females decreased significantly (p≤0.05) of the thyme added treatments. HDL increased significantly (p≤0.05) in both of males and females. LDL in males and females decreased significantly (p≤0.05). In conclusion, 1% of thyme powder supplemented to dietary can be used as an effective diet supplement to enhance growth performance, carcass characteristics and blood lipids in Japanese quail.
Muhammad Ali Hamad; Bassem Fadhel Lateef
Volume 22, Issue 3 , September 2022, Pages 1-11
Abstract
This study aims to conduct an economic and standard analysis of the import function of the wheat crop through a number of factors affecting it in Iraq for the period (1990-2020), as the imported quantities were used as a dependent factor, while the independent factors were (produced quantities, national ...
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This study aims to conduct an economic and standard analysis of the import function of the wheat crop through a number of factors affecting it in Iraq for the period (1990-2020), as the imported quantities were used as a dependent factor, while the independent factors were (produced quantities, national income, world price, Population, exchange rate), time series stability was tested by Dickey Fuller test (ADF) and ARDL model application, and co-integration between study variables was tested using Bound Test, and the results showed that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship (integration joint) between the imported quantities and the independent variables, and the study recommended the necessity of controlling On imports of the crop and increase the support provided to the local product, by setting the minimum product price of various agricultural commodities, as well as stopping imports at the time of peak production.
jasim N. Jasim; Hassan T. Zanzal
Volume 22, Issue 3 , September 2022, Pages 12-19
Abstract
The cultivation of vegetable crops the protected houses is one of the important foundations in increasing productivity due to the control of the environmental conditions of the farm. A random sample of cucumber crop producers was relied upon, represented by (60) products, to achieve the research objectives ...
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The cultivation of vegetable crops the protected houses is one of the important foundations in increasing productivity due to the control of the environmental conditions of the farm. A random sample of cucumber crop producers was relied upon, represented by (60) products, to achieve the research objectives of studying economic efficiency and its components (technical and allocative). and estimate of the amount of surplus and deficit of economic resources used in the production process for the 2021 production season. The results of the efficiency analysis show that the average technical efficiency in light of the stability and change of scale returns (89%, 97%) respectively, while the average scale efficiency amounted to (92%) and the value of the average scale efficiency shows that the sample farmers can increase their production by (8%) by using the same amount of productive resources. The average economic, technical and allocative efficiency reached (80%, 97%, 82%) respectively. The average economic efficiency shows that cucumber farmers can reduce production costs by (20%) and achieve the same level of production. The amount of surplus and deficit of the economic resources involved in the production process was estimated, and it was found that some variables achieved a deficit in use and others achieved a surplus in their use of resources, This is due to the misuse of resources by some producers. The research recommended educating farmers about the optimal quantities that should be used optimally through the guidance courses provided by the Guidance Center, providing government support for production requirements and reducing their prices, and supporting the selling prices of the crop.
Nahidh Naji Issa; Hassan Thamer Zanzal
Volume 22, Issue 3 , September 2022, Pages 20-28
Abstract
Despite the seriousness individual attempts made by some breeders to develop and improve methods of breeding and fattening to reduce costs, but most breeders follow the traditional methods of breeding and fattening their livestock, and this is what prompted me to do this study, A questionnaire for a ...
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Despite the seriousness individual attempts made by some breeders to develop and improve methods of breeding and fattening to reduce costs, but most breeders follow the traditional methods of breeding and fattening their livestock, and this is what prompted me to do this study, A questionnaire for a sample of (100) breeders in Mahmoudia district (case study) for the year 2021, the study aimed to derive the cost function in long-run from the output of Cobb-Douglas production function, as well as deriving the supply function from the cost function in long-run derived from the Cobb-Douglas production function, and derivation the supply function From the production function estimated for Calves fattening projects, in addition to deriving the two demand functions for labor and capital Resources which use in the production process of Calves fattening projects, The cost function in long-run was estimated, and the results of the study showed that the demand for labor and capital in Calves fattening projects was up to (160.7) man /day for labor and (12,776.874) thousand dinars for capital. The displayed quantity of production is about (4040.77) kg, the study recommends the necessity of providing feed, especially concentrated feed, in the necessary quantities and qualities during different seasons by providing hybrid fodder crops such as fodder corn to obtain the desired weight gain.
Mohammed Omar Shareef; Jadoua Shehab Ahmed
Volume 22, Issue 3 , September 2022, Pages 29-43
Abstract
The agricultural economic development and increasing agricultural productivity is one of the priorities for Iraq because of its relationship to food, people’s lives and food security. The main basis for agricultural economic development and achieving national food security, the problem of cultivating ...
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The agricultural economic development and increasing agricultural productivity is one of the priorities for Iraq because of its relationship to food, people’s lives and food security. The main basis for agricultural economic development and achieving national food security, the problem of cultivating strategic crops lies in the fact that they suffer from low productivity and fluctuations, and that there are determinants and problems that impede increasing the productivity of strategic grains, especially wheat, , and for these reasons the study aimed to know The nature of agricultural economic development and agricultural productivity and a study of what are the determinants that lead to reduced productivity of wheat as a model for strategic crops. In this study, the determinants that hinder the increase in agricultural productivity of the wheat crop in Salah El-Din Governorate were diagnosed, according to their priorities and their relationship with some variables, and the areas affecting agricultural productivity and the most important paragraphs in these areas were also identified, as well as the identification of the most important problems that hinder the process of increasing productivity. The study came out with a number of important results and a number of recommendations, including finding a partnership with international companies to produce various modern irrigation systems and the production of pesticides in Iraq. And to allocate funds for this fund that are deducted directly from the federal state budget.
Bestoon Hassan Ahmed; Naska Abdulqadir Marzany
Volume 22, Issue 3 , September 2022, Pages 53-59
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of the frozen and refrozen storage durations on the sensory and microbial quality of broiler chickens’ meat. A total of 40 breast muscle of broilers meat were dividing into two treatments (freezing and refreezing treatments). The meat in the first treatment was ...
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This study aimed to assess the effect of the frozen and refrozen storage durations on the sensory and microbial quality of broiler chickens’ meat. A total of 40 breast muscle of broilers meat were dividing into two treatments (freezing and refreezing treatments). The meat in the first treatment was subdivided into three equal parts and subjected into 0 (without freezing), 1-, 2- and 3-months freezing storage periods while the meat samples in the second treatment was subjected into 1, 2 and 3 months freezing then thawing overnight at 4°C and refreezing for 1, 2, and 3 months before evaluation microbial count and sensory quality of meat. Results showed that refreezing storage duration had affected undesirably on flavor, juiciness, and tenderness significantly (P≤ 0.05) at (2 and 3), (1 and 3) and 3 months of refrozen storage respectively, whereas the data of overall acceptability were significantly (P≤ 0.05) reduced when the duration of frozen and refrozen at (1, 2 and 3) months storage increased compared to fresh samples (without freezing). The data of microbial counts were significantly (P ≤0.05) increased with prolonging the duration of frozen and refrozen storage in comparison with control treatment. In conclusion, the significant differences between fresh, thawed and refrozen meat in this study should give consumers concerns about buying frozen meat or consuming thawed meat.
Osamah Hameed Shihab; Dhafir Shakir Abdullah; Emad Ghaib Abdulrahman
Volume 22, Issue 3 , September 2022, Pages 60-69
Abstract
This study was carried out at the ruminant research station of the General Commission for Agricultural Research / Ministry of Agriculture (in Abu Ghraib 20km west of Baghdad) from December 2018 to December/2020. The research included 200 records belonging to the Turkish and local Awassi sheep herd to ...
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This study was carried out at the ruminant research station of the General Commission for Agricultural Research / Ministry of Agriculture (in Abu Ghraib 20km west of Baghdad) from December 2018 to December/2020. The research included 200 records belonging to the Turkish and local Awassi sheep herd to estimate some genetic parameters (heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations, and evaluate the Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) for some productive traits (total milk production, lactation period, birth weight Weaning weight, average weight gain). The estimate of heritability were for the productive traits 0.19, 0.12, 0.25, 0.29, 0.25, respectively. The genetic correlation for the effective traits ranged between positive and highly significant (P<0.01) and not significant, as its coefficient ranged between 0.81 and 0.15. The phenotypic correlation of the productive traits ranged between positive and highly effective (P<0.01) and was not significant, as the coefficient ranged between 0.87 and 0.12 for the above effective characteristics. The values of the Best Linear Prediction (BLUP) for traits ranged 12.376. The lowest of which is -0.641.
Osamah H. Shihab; Dhafer S. Abdullah; Emad Ghaib Abdulrahman
Volume 22, Issue 3 , September 2022, Pages 70-77
Abstract
The aim of study effecting fixed factors (breed, year of birth, age of dam, sex of lambs) in total milk yield and milk composition and some of growth traits (birth weight and weaning weight), the overall mean of milk yield (66.58 ±1.67. kg) ,it was breed effect significant (P<0.05) , while the effect ...
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The aim of study effecting fixed factors (breed, year of birth, age of dam, sex of lambs) in total milk yield and milk composition and some of growth traits (birth weight and weaning weight), the overall mean of milk yield (66.58 ±1.67. kg) ,it was breed effect significant (P<0.05) , while the effect factors (birth year, age of the ewe, sex of lambs, type of birth) was not significant, , the overall mean of milk components (fat, lactose, protein, non-fat solids) was 4.18 ± 0.29, 4.42 ± 0.02, 5.47 ± 0.11 and 10.69 ± 0.14 %, respectively ,the factors are non- significant effect on milk composition, the overall mean of birth weight was 4.76 ± 0.06 kg, the breed, year of birth, age of the ewe and the sex lambs did not effect on it, weight at weaning was 19.77 ± 0.27 kg. The effect of breed was highly significant, as the Turkish Awassi breed advantage to the local, while the factors (year of birth, age of ewe, sex of lambs) were non- significant effect on weaning weight. We conclude the local Awassi was superior to the Turkish in total milk yield. The birth weight of Turkish Awassi was slightly higher on the local, but dominant was highly significant in weaning weight.
Mohamed Abdulla Ahmed
Volume 22, Issue 3 , September 2022, Pages 78-83
Abstract
With increased demand for traditional agricultural practices, they are increasingly insufficient. The use of nano-fertilizers is essential when aimed to increase plant production. In 2003, nanotechnology started to be used in agriculture and food industry. This led to change in agricultural production ...
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With increased demand for traditional agricultural practices, they are increasingly insufficient. The use of nano-fertilizers is essential when aimed to increase plant production. In 2003, nanotechnology started to be used in agriculture and food industry. This led to change in agricultural production systems. Nanotechnology has brought fundamental changes in agriculture. This included new tools have been used to detect plant pests and treat them quickly. Improve plant ability to absorb nutrients and fertilizers was also involved. Agriculture faced many challenges, such as climate change, increase consumption of agricultural products, and reduced cultivated areas. This required promotions in agricultural development to achieve economic and agricultural stability. Hence, the importance of using nanotechnology has emerged. This technology increases the possibility of finding solutions and treatments for many agricultural problems. In addition, dealing with main challenges in agriculture, such as low productivity of cultivated area and large uncultivated land. The loss of fertilizers, pesticides, and plant products are also considered. Such problems can all be faced through several applications, including nano-fertilizer technology. The technology can achieve remarkable addressing in agricultural problems such as reducing lack of nutrients. Facilitate plant response to nano-fertilizers through rapid synthesis during cellular metabolism. This improves agricultural aspect and positively influences community service and, consequently, environmental development.
Mahmoud Jassim Muhammad; Mahmoud Fadel Latif
Volume 22, Issue 3 , September 2022, Pages 84-92
Abstract
This experiment was conducted in the lath house - Department of Horticulture and Landscape - College of Agriculture - Tikrit university during 2021 growing season, to study the effect of compound fertilizer addition (Amcolon) and amino acid (Tecamin) on chemical properties of orange saplings. It consisted ...
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This experiment was conducted in the lath house - Department of Horticulture and Landscape - College of Agriculture - Tikrit university during 2021 growing season, to study the effect of compound fertilizer addition (Amcolon) and amino acid (Tecamin) on chemical properties of orange saplings. It consisted two factors, the first is compound fertilizer at three levels, (0, 25 and 50 g plant-1) and the second is spraying with amino acid at three levels. (0, 1.25 and 2.5 ml. L-1). The experiment was designed according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed that: Amcolon fertilizer at 50 g plant-1 increased significantly all studied properties (carbohydrates, chlorophyll, dry matter percent, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium in leaves) which were 3.171%, 1.918 mg g-1, 70.15%, 2.072%, 0.2967%, 1.800%), respectively. Whereas, the spraying treatments with amino acids at 2.5 ml L-1 had highest values in same previous properties (3.057%, 1.637 mg g-1, 68.218%, 1.833%, 0.2867 and 1.508%), respectively.
Mohamed Abdulla Ahmed
Volume 22, Issue 3 , September 2022, Pages 93-97
Abstract
Salinity affects plant growth by causing physiological and morphological changes, which reduces its vegetative system. This appears through decreases in stem length, number of leaves, as well as lateral branches and diameter of plant organs.There are two types of salinity: soil salinity and water salinity. ...
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Salinity affects plant growth by causing physiological and morphological changes, which reduces its vegetative system. This appears through decreases in stem length, number of leaves, as well as lateral branches and diameter of plant organs.There are two types of salinity: soil salinity and water salinity. Soil salinity means soil characterized by a high percentage of dissolved salts, mostly of which are chlorides, sulfates and carbonates, to a degree harmful to plant growth. If the soil contains dissolved salts in high quantities, water potential can be reduced to negative level. A distinction between salt stress and ionic stress must be noticed. The first term is used when salt concentration is so high that water potential of growing substrate drops to a significant level (05.0 - 1.0 MPa). If the decrease in water potential was slight and undetectable, the effect here is in the form of ionic stress. A simplified definition of salt stress can be given as an increase in the concentration of salt in plant cells to the degree that affects the physiological properties. This is due to a decrease in the water potential of growing substrate which negatively affects the morphological characteristics of plant. Water potential determines the water movement from the soil to the root or from one cell to another.
Chia K. Rashid; Ali O. M. Sharbazhery; Mihraban O. Mustafa
Volume 22, Issue 3 , September 2022, Pages 98-112
Abstract
The research was conducted to study the reality of therapeutic gardens at psychological hospitals in Sulaimani city- Iraq. The study included two hospitals; Soz for women (SW) and Shaheed Salah for men (SSM). It was carried out during the period from April 15, 2019 to February 15, 2021. The results showed ...
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The research was conducted to study the reality of therapeutic gardens at psychological hospitals in Sulaimani city- Iraq. The study included two hospitals; Soz for women (SW) and Shaheed Salah for men (SSM). It was carried out during the period from April 15, 2019 to February 15, 2021. The results showed the buildings and spaces for both hospitals were not qualified for mental diseases. These structures were not originally created for such establishments. Both hospitals have areas designated as gardens, but they were not used rightly. Area in SW was exploited to construct gardens, while so-called garden in SSM was not used. Each of which, did not achieve the goals and purposes of which they were founded. Moreover, the hospitals scarcely interested in recreational activities at these areas. However, based on psychiatrists and doctors in both hospitals, patients needed the activities. Some activities such as sports, artistic, and social activities were provided by the SW inside internal halls. Strong responses by patients to similar activities were noticed. Such actions were less occurred in SSM. The research reached several recommendations to develop a proposed design for the gardens at both hospitals. The recommendations were based on the international standards and environment for such places.
Angham Ayad Kamaluddin; Riyadh Mannaa Mohsin; Ashjan Nazar Kamil
Volume 22, Issue 3 , September 2022, Pages 113-119
Abstract
This experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the department of Horticulture and Landscape, Tikrit University, during spring 2021. The aim was to investigate the effect of NPK nano fertilizers on growth, flowering, and mineral content characteristics of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana. basic and nano NPK ...
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This experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the department of Horticulture and Landscape, Tikrit University, during spring 2021. The aim was to investigate the effect of NPK nano fertilizers on growth, flowering, and mineral content characteristics of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana. basic and nano NPK fertilizers were applied to the plant. The experiment was designed according to randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results showed positive effects of nano NPK form on growth and flowering as well as leaf content of minerals and chlorophyll. The effects were higher than those of basic NPK and control treatments. The positive influences included most of characteristics studied. Number of leaves, plant diameter, and number of flowers were significantly increased to 15.00, 16.66 cm, 71.00 respectively. In addition, chlorophyll content recorded 1.97 under nano fertilizer treatment.
Muhammad Shaker Mansour; Abdullah Abdul Kareem Hassan; Raghad Saad Daham
Volume 22, Issue 3 , September 2022, Pages 120-129
Abstract
A field evaluation test of the compatibility effect of the pesticide Dominante with different concentrations of T. longibrachiatum and M.anisopliae spore suspensions on the mortality rate of various stages of green peach on the cold pepper showed the superiority of the treatment M9 (M.anisopliae 1010 ...
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A field evaluation test of the compatibility effect of the pesticide Dominante with different concentrations of T. longibrachiatum and M.anisopliae spore suspensions on the mortality rate of various stages of green peach on the cold pepper showed the superiority of the treatment M9 (M.anisopliae 1010 + Dominante (0.5 g/L)) followed by T9 (T. longibrachiatum 1010 + Dominate (0.5 g/L)) with mortality rate reached to 100 and 99.1%, respectively, after 7 days from the treatment. The results showed that the highest values of plant height, root length and dry weight of shoot and root systems were recorded at treatments T6 (T. longibrachiatum 1010 + Dominante (0.25 g/L)) and T5 (T. longibrachiatum 108 + Dominante (0.25g /L)), as the height of the plant reached (34.33 and 32,) cm respectively, the length of the root system reached to (16 and 14) cm, respectively, while the dry weights of the shoot system were (7.81and 7.69) g and the dry root weights were (5.89 and 5.22) g, respectively, compared with the lowest values for these makers in the control which were 17.12 cm, 7.73 cm, 2.89 g and 3.71 g, respectively. The results also showed the compatibility effect of the pesticide Dominante with different concentrations of the T.longibrachiatum and M.anisopliae spores on the number and weight of the of cold pepper fruits under the conditions of green peach insect Myzus persicae. The treatments T6 (T.longibrachiatum 1010 + Dominante (0.25 g/L)) and T5(T.longibrachiatum 108+Dominante (0.25 g/L)) were recorded the highest number of fruits reached (20.33 and 18.33) fruits, respectively, compared with the lowest fruits number 8.63 in the control, while the highest fruit weight were 609.17 and 588.5g in treatments M3 (M.anisopliae 1010) and T6 (T. longibrachiatum 1010 + Dominante (0.25 g/L)), respectively, compared with the lowest fruits weight 244 g in the control.
Yasser K. Hindy; Salih M. Ismail; Jasim M. Aziz
Volume 22, Issue 3 , September 2022, Pages 130-136
Abstract
The field experiment was carried out in the fields of a farmer in Kirkuk governorate / Hawija district N 43º36´17.73"E"05.56´ 35º16, and the study included the planting of the crop rotation crops (mung beans, sunflower and sesame and without planting) in the summer For the year 2020, and in the winter ...
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The field experiment was carried out in the fields of a farmer in Kirkuk governorate / Hawija district N 43º36´17.73"E"05.56´ 35º16, and the study included the planting of the crop rotation crops (mung beans, sunflower and sesame and without planting) in the summer For the year 2020, and in the winter season, the wheat crop, Sham 6 variety, was planted in the experimental units planted with the crops of the agricultural rotation, as well as fallow land that was not planted with any previous crop. The wheat crop was treated with inducting factors (atonic, salicylic acid, hydrogen peroxide and organic copper) by two sprays, the first at the branching stage and the second at the end of the elongation stage, for each of the inducting factors, the randomized complete block design was used in the arrangement of the split plot RCBD in split plot), the results of the experiment showed a significant superiority of the induction treatment with organic copper in reducing the infection indicators of wheat plants, as it recorded the percentage of infestation of spikes, the percentage of infected grains and the average weight The gall had the lowest average of 10.92 %, 3.42 %, and 3.91 mg, respectively, and the sunflower treatment showed a significant difference for the characteristics of the percentage of spikes infestation, the percentage of infected grains, and the average weight of the gall. Were 10.39, 4.30%, and 3.83 mg, respectively As for the interaction treatments between inducing factors and the crop rotation, the treatment of (Sunflower + Organic Copper) was superior when it recorded averages of 5.71%, 0.47% and 2.33 mg, respectively.
Nameer Hamed Yassin Al-Tarbouli
Volume 22, Issue 3 , September 2022, Pages 137-147
Abstract
Three soils of different content of gypsum and lime were selected, the first soil (G1) and the second soil (G3), were obtained near the fields of the Faculty of Agriculture, Tikrit University. As for the third soil (G5), was taken from the AL- alam Village side east of Tikrit city to a depth of (0-10)cm. ...
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Three soils of different content of gypsum and lime were selected, the first soil (G1) and the second soil (G3), were obtained near the fields of the Faculty of Agriculture, Tikrit University. As for the third soil (G5), was taken from the AL- alam Village side east of Tikrit city to a depth of (0-10)cm. the proportions of gypsum were 5%, 15%, 25%, and the proportions of lime were 25%, 20%, and 10% for soils G1, G3, and G5, respectively. Ferrous sulfate was added as a source of iron ions added to the three soils in the following proportions (0,10,25,50,100,150,250,500,750) mg.L-1 The concepts of isotherm were tested by using the physicochemical Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption equations. The results of the study showed the success of both equations in describing of iron ion adsorption process for all three soils, because They achieve a high (R2) but Langmuir's equation showed a greater superiority due to its decreasing (SE). As it appears from the results of the study, the superiority of treatment (G1) over treatments (G3) and (G5) in the maximum adsorption values, binding energy, (PBCFe)(KG) and (Kd) for adsorption and release. As for the values of Labale iron, the lowest value was in treatment (G1)then it began to increase until it reached its value in treatment (G5). The (Δf) values for the three soils were positive, and that the highest value was in soil (G1), and starts declining to reach its value for soil (G5).
Dler Mahmood Abdallah; Hemin A. Neima; Rebwar Ahmed Mustafa
Volume 22, Issue 3 , September 2022, Pages 148-157
Abstract
This experiment was conducted aiming to introduce and select the suitable winter chickpea to Sulaymaniyah governorate climatic conditions. This study was laid out in RCBD design with eight different varieties (namely, FLIP 97-706C, FLIP 03-87C, FLIP 05-74C, FLIP 05-87C, FLIP 05-110C, FLIP 05-142C, FLIP ...
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This experiment was conducted aiming to introduce and select the suitable winter chickpea to Sulaymaniyah governorate climatic conditions. This study was laid out in RCBD design with eight different varieties (namely, FLIP 97-706C, FLIP 03-87C, FLIP 05-74C, FLIP 05-87C, FLIP 05-110C, FLIP 05-142C, FLIP 05-150C, and local Flip1 varieties), each with three replicates. The results indicated that the FLIP 97-706C variety had the highest yield (3531±2.1 kg ha-1), protein yield (390±0.05 kg ha-1), and weight of 100 seeds (39.0±0.05 g), significantly. Additionally, other introduced varieties also gave noticeably higher yields in comparison to the average global chickpea yield. The suggested varieties can have an important role in increasing and improving chickpea production and quality, especially, the FLIP 97-706C can be among the promising varieties with its large seeds, tall habit, and high yield for this area.
Mijbil Mohammad Aljumaily; Hudhaifa Maan Al-Hamandi
Volume 22, Issue 3 , September 2022, Pages 158-165
Abstract
Organic matter content in soils is highly variable and includes dead and living organisms and their decomposition products. plant residue and humic substances. Thermodynamically, organic matter is unstable in soils and later will oxidize to Co2, and H2O. The effective substances of organic matter decomposition ...
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Organic matter content in soils is highly variable and includes dead and living organisms and their decomposition products. plant residue and humic substances. Thermodynamically, organic matter is unstable in soils and later will oxidize to Co2, and H2O. The effective substances of organic matter decomposition are fulvic and humic acids (FA+Hu) which contain Several functional groups that release electrons or protons during their decomposition leaving behind several radical groups that act as electron donner to ward heavy metal ions forming FA and Hu-metal soluble and insoluble complexes. Those metallic-organic Complexes are variable by their Stability constant (SC) which is absolutely pH-dependent. The less stable the metal complex, the higher mobility in soil, In contrast, a highly stable metal complex is less soluble and mobility. So, organic matter plays an important role in the accumulation, leaching, and transportation of heavy metal Cations present in water and soils as chelates of different Stability and supplying plant roots by these ions and behavior as a buffering substance to heavy metal mobility.
Qahtan D. Essa Al-Khafagi
Volume 22, Issue 3 , September 2022, Pages 166-174
Abstract
Four pedons were selected for different soils in the forest cover, two in each of Mankeesh and Atrush areas in Dohuk governorate, under pine and oak trees, in order to study the distribution of the main groups of humic compounds (humic and fulvic acids) and their association with iron and manganese ions. ...
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Four pedons were selected for different soils in the forest cover, two in each of Mankeesh and Atrush areas in Dohuk governorate, under pine and oak trees, in order to study the distribution of the main groups of humic compounds (humic and fulvic acids) and their association with iron and manganese ions. The results showed that the variation in the nature of the forest cover and the speed of decomposition of its remains led to a difference in the distribution of the content of organic matter, the ratios of Humic acid / fulvic acid (FA / HA) and the amount of humic substances produced in each soil, regarding the optical density of the extracted humic compounds, which is expressed as E4/E6, this ratio depends on the chemical composition of these Humic compounds. It is noted from the results that this ratio between E4: E6 ranged between (0.43 - 1.79), low values reflect the presence of aromatic Humic compounds with relatively low molecular weights, while high values indicate the presence of aliphatic humic compounds, the study also showed a difference in the values of iron and manganese associated with humic and fulvic acid as organic complexes, which is consistent with the difference in the degree of decomposition of forest tree residues and plant residues, and in turn is reflected on the quantity and type of humic compounds resulting from the decomposition. The Atrush soil under pine forests excelled in its composition of chelated iron with fulvic acid, Humic acid and manganese chelated with fulvic acid, while the Atrush soil under oak forests excelled in the composition of chelated manganese with humic acid on the rest of the studied soils.
Rahel Hamad
Volume 22, Issue 3 , September 2022, Pages 175-190
Abstract
Severe water scarcity has occurred in the Erbil Basin (EB) due to climate change and mismanagement of water resources during the past three decades. Assessment of the potential area of groundwater recharge is extremely significant for the protection and management of groundwater systems and water quality. ...
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Severe water scarcity has occurred in the Erbil Basin (EB) due to climate change and mismanagement of water resources during the past three decades. Assessment of the potential area of groundwater recharge is extremely significant for the protection and management of groundwater systems and water quality. This research aims to use the Fuzzy-Analytic Hierarchy Process (F-AHP) technique to recharge the aquifer in places in the EB that are likely to be groundwater recharge areas in a geographic information system (GIS) environment. GIS, remote sensing (RS), and F-AHP techniques were used to map the groundwater recharge potential zone in EB. Eight different geo-environmental factors were used to determine potential groundwater areas, namely: rainfall, lithology, geology, soil, slope, lineament density, land use/land cover (LULC), and drainage density (Dd). Then, the weights of the different thematic layers were assigned using a pairwise comparison matrix through the F-AHP. The total groundwater potential zone was shown to cover a very high area of 210.85 square kilometers (km2), a high area of 188.94 km2, a moderate area of 573.06 km2, a low area of 1956.48 km2, and a very low area of 216.34 km2, according to the groundwater recharge potential zones (GWRPZs) map. As a result, nearly one-third of the areas investigated were found to have moderate-to-very high groundwater recharge potential. This type of research can provide decision-makers and local governments with a broad perspective on current and future planning for groundwater scarcity.
Rebwar Rafat Aziz; Nawroz Abdul-razzak Tahir
Volume 22, Issue 3 , September 2022, Pages 191-204
Abstract
The genetic diversity of melon genotypes obtained from northern Iraq was assessed in 2021 at the University of Sulaimani's Directorate of Garden in Qlyasan using a Randomized Complete Block Design with three blocks, using growth and fruit morpho-physicochemical characteristics. The 57 genotypes were ...
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The genetic diversity of melon genotypes obtained from northern Iraq was assessed in 2021 at the University of Sulaimani's Directorate of Garden in Qlyasan using a Randomized Complete Block Design with three blocks, using growth and fruit morpho-physicochemical characteristics. The 57 genotypes were characterized morphologically and physiochemically, and there were high significant differences between them. The values of main stem length, lateral stem length, main stem diameter, and lateral stem diameter were ranged from 20.49 to 85.84 cm, 29.45 to 92.52 cm, 0.85 to 1.77 cm, and 0.42 to 0.74 cm, respectively. The fruit weight produced by G11 achieved the highest value (1860.72 g). Antioxidant activity was increased in genotypes with higher levels of polyphenols, titratable acidity, and total soluble solids. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed four distinct groups of genotypes based on studied traits. PCA plot revealed that fruit thickness, fruit length, fruit width, placenta weight, fruit weight, seed length, seed width, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, pH, and titratable acid were significant determinants of genetic diversity in the melon genotypes. Based on the majority of the fruit morpho-physicochemical traits, genotype G11 was regarded as the best performer. The results of this study suggested a significant degree of heterogeneity in Iraqi melon germplasm, which must be conserved and incorporated into future development projects.
