Samir Hamad Majid; Ghazwan Mahdy Saleh
Volume 22, Issue 1 , March 2022, Pages 35-46
Abstract
This study was conducted in the laboratories of the Food Sciences Department / College of Agriculture / Tikrit University from 1/9/2020 to 1/3/2021. The study included the manufacture of mozzarella cheese from fresh cow’s milk, which were processed by the two salting methods using dry salt and saline ...
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This study was conducted in the laboratories of the Food Sciences Department / College of Agriculture / Tikrit University from 1/9/2020 to 1/3/2021. The study included the manufacture of mozzarella cheese from fresh cow’s milk, which were processed by the two salting methods using dry salt and saline ratios. The first method using dry salt with ratios (1, 1.5, 2) g / 100 g of cheese and the second method using brine with concentrations (5, 7.5, 10 %). The effect of the two methods on the physicochemical properties was studied. The results of the physicochemical analysis of mozzarella cheese made from cow's milk showed highest value of pH (5.90) for the control treatment CA and the lowest value ( 5.27 ) for A6 treatment (10% saline solution), as for the bulk total acidity, its values ranged between (0.135_0.173%) for both control CA and A2 (1.5% dry salt) treatments, respectively. The protein percentage recorded the highest value (18.85%) for A5 treatment and the lowest value (15.44%) for A3 treatment, the fat percentage recorded the highest value (18.80%) for A4 treatment and the lowest value (17.14%) for A6 treatment. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the effect of adding salt on improving cheese texture and internal protein composition compared with the control treatment..
Hameed Rasheed Ahmed Al-Jobbery; Abdullah Isam Noaman
Volume 22, Issue 1 , March 2022, Pages 96-104
Abstract
This experiment was conducted in the Hawija district which is located in the southwest of Kirkuk city, 48 km away. It aimed to determine the effect of the concentrated feed ratio to roughage feed (Alfalfa ) with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid oil (flaxseed oil) on some blood parameters indicative ...
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This experiment was conducted in the Hawija district which is located in the southwest of Kirkuk city, 48 km away. It aimed to determine the effect of the concentrated feed ratio to roughage feed (Alfalfa ) with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid oil (flaxseed oil) on some blood parameters indicative of the nutritional effect in Iraqi Awassi lambs. The experiment lasted for 106 days from September 18, 2020 to December 31, 2020, in which 20 lambs aged 5-6 months with a mean initial weight of 29.60±1.88 kg were used. The lambs were placed in individual cages within a semi-open barn, then divided into four groups (29.15, 30.13, 29.62, 29.52) kg. then the four treatments were randomly distributed to the groups. The lambs were fed on one diet of concentrated feed with a protein content of 15.4% and a feeding level of 3% of body weight, then calculated The ratios of concentrated feed at a level of 40/60% to roughage for the first and second treatments and 60/40% to roughage for the third and fourth treatments and the four treatments were equal in the amount of protein intake, each of the first and third treatments drenched with flaxseed oil 0.8% of body weight and 0% each the second and fourth treatments, the animals were weighed weekly to estimate the weight gain. as well as at the end the experiment, blood samples were collected from all animals for the purpose of conducting laboratory tests for the studied traits.The results of the experiment showed that the numbers of white blood cells were significantly (P≤0.05) superior in the treatment drench with flaxseed oil, and the interaction between the treatments had a significant effect in increasing the numbers of white blood cells, as the first and third treatments outperformed (9.33 ± 0.17 and 9.86 ± 0.61 x 103) cells/ml of blood, respectively, on the second and fourth treatments. The triglyceride concentration was significantly increased (P≤0.05) under the influence of the level of concentrated to roughage feed, which reached 83.83 ± 5.38 mg/100 ml of blood (40:60 roughage/concentrated) compared to the treatment 60:40 roughage/concentrated (59.50 ± 7.50) mg/ 100 ml of blood, and the interaction between the factors had a significant effect (P≤0.05) on the blood urea concentration, as the first treatment was the highest (44.66±0.66) mg/100 ml blood. Also, the treatment with flaxseed oil and its interaction with different diets led to a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in the level of liver enzymes and the proportion of feed intake. It was concluded from the experience that increasing the proportion of rough feed (alfalfa ) within the studied level did not negatively affect the performance of physiological lambs and therefore it can be provided for fattening purposes because it is low cost and available locally.
Tahir M.L. Hasan
Volume 22, Issue 1 , March 2022, Pages 1-16
Abstract
The research aimed to determine the level of causes for the migration of farmers from the rural areas to the city from the point of view of the agricultural extension workers in the Sulaymani Governorate and its relationship to some variables, as well as identifying the proposed ways to reduce the migration ...
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The research aimed to determine the level of causes for the migration of farmers from the rural areas to the city from the point of view of the agricultural extension workers in the Sulaymani Governorate and its relationship to some variables, as well as identifying the proposed ways to reduce the migration of farmers from the rural areas to the city. The data was collected using a questionnaire and the personal interview method from the research population, consisting of (98) agricultural extension agents representing (100%) of the size of the research population. The results of the research showed that the level of farmers’ migration from the rural areas to the city is average, tends to rise. And that there is no difference in the opinions of agricultural extension workers towards the migration of farmers from the rural areas to the city according to the research variables (age, educational level, marital status, number of years of experience in the field of agricultural extension, job satisfaction, and the degree of informal social participation), while there is a discrepancy between the opinions of Agricultural extension workers towards the migration of farmers from the rural areas to the city according to the research variables (gender, specialization), Therefore, the researcher recommends that the state establish economic and service projects in the villages to return the rural people to their villages and their original homes, and taking into account the problems that the research results proved to have an impact on the migration of farmers when preparing a future indicative plan in this field..
Hafsa Fatah Hade
Volume 22, Issue 1 , March 2022, Pages 17-26
Abstract
The research aimed to identify the attitudes of rural women towards working in small agricultural projects in Bashiqa sub-district/Nineveh governorate in general. Also, to identify the correlation between the attitudes of rural women and each of the following independent variables: (age, marital status, ...
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The research aimed to identify the attitudes of rural women towards working in small agricultural projects in Bashiqa sub-district/Nineveh governorate in general. Also, to identify the correlation between the attitudes of rural women and each of the following independent variables: (age, marital status, educational level, family size, family support, The ability to solve problems), the final research sample amounted to (50) respondents after excluding the pre-test sample of (20) respondents. The data was collected by tool of a questionnaire form that consisted of three parts, the first part of which included the independent variables, and the second part included the dependent variable attitudes of women towards working in small projects, while the third part included the most important problems facing rural women towards working in small projects. The study stated that the majority of the respondents (92% are within the categories of the neutral and positive attitude towards working in small projects), and the study showed so a significant correlation between rural women’s attitudes towards working in small projects and each of the variables of educational level, family size, family support, and the researcher concluded that there is attitudes or a positive attitude among rural women To work on these projects as a result of their awareness of the importance of these economic and social projects to them and their families.
Doaa Muthanna Shaban
Volume 22, Issue 1 , March 2022, Pages 27-34
Abstract
The research dealt with the study of the level of awareness of the elderly in food and nutrition in some districts Salah al-Din Governorate / Iraq, because of this importance in that the elderly are directly responsible for their nutrition and the nutrition of their families in some cases. Feeding their ...
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The research dealt with the study of the level of awareness of the elderly in food and nutrition in some districts Salah al-Din Governorate / Iraq, because of this importance in that the elderly are directly responsible for their nutrition and the nutrition of their families in some cases. Feeding their family through malnutrition or improper nutrition which negatively affects their health and their infection with various diseases. The questionnaire was designed to collect personal research data by making an electronic questionnaire by using the Google form program.
The research included 160 elderly people from four districts chosen randomly from Salah al-Din Governorate / Iraq (Samarra, Tikrit, Al-Alam District, Al-Dour District). A set of statistical methods were used to analyze the study data, including frequencies, percentages, arithmetic means, and Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients. The search showed the following: the general level of nutritional and nutritional awareness of the elderly was moderate, and their level of awareness is low in the following areas: (carbohydrates, fruits , and vege Chart s, light exercise), while it was moderate in (adult nutrition, milk and its products, and proteins .(It was found that there is a positive and significant correlation between the level of awareness of the elderly and their subjective factors represented by (their education level, economic status, children’s education, cultural contact, husband or wife education), while the correlation was negative and significant with (age and number of children).
Sanya Riadh Abdullah; Mohammed Jameel Mohammed
Volume 22, Issue 1 , March 2022, Pages 47-52
Abstract
The study was conducted in the animal house at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/ Tikrit University to investigate the effect of different concentrations of four types obtained from Al-Emad oil production company, which is grape seed oil, pumpkin oil, black seed oil and olive oil, with two types of ...
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The study was conducted in the animal house at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/ Tikrit University to investigate the effect of different concentrations of four types obtained from Al-Emad oil production company, which is grape seed oil, pumpkin oil, black seed oil and olive oil, with two types of commercial oils obtained from local markets, namely sunflower oil and corn oil, on some physiological characteristics of adult male rats with a number of 28 animal which had been divided in to 7 Groups , each one contained 4 animals. Animals underwent a lightening cycle which has been divided into 12 light hour and 12 dark hour, with a fixed temperature at 25± 2 º C. Animals had been left for one week to be adapted with the new conditions and to be sure of diseases privation. Food and water had been given continuously by oral dosing with sufficient quantities along the period of the process. The results have shown a significant increase in the gained weight of laboratory animals. There is also an increase in the total number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, granulosa cells, lymphocytes and platelets when adding grape seed oil, nigella oil, pumpkin oil and olive oil. And a decrease in the number of white blood cells compared to the addition of sunflower oil and corn oil. There is also an increase in the values of immunoglobulins IgA, IgM, IgE and IgG When adding grape seed oil, pumpkin seed oil, black seed oil and olive oil and a decrease in the values of the liver enzymes (ALT) and (AST) compared to the addition of sunflower oil and corn oil.
Mohammedameen Majed Hameed AL-Majed; Mazin Muhammad Ibrahim AL-Zubaidy
Volume 22, Issue 1 , March 2022, Pages 53-60
Abstract
The study aimed to identify some of the chemical properties of the local walnut kernel oil, and to identify the effect of immersing the pulp in chitosan solution with three different concentrations (0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%) on the quality of the cold extracted oil from these samples when stored for a period ...
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The study aimed to identify some of the chemical properties of the local walnut kernel oil, and to identify the effect of immersing the pulp in chitosan solution with three different concentrations (0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%) on the quality of the cold extracted oil from these samples when stored for a period of four months. The acid value and free fatty acids % and peroxide value increased during storage, and the least increased was the samples treated with chitosan, especially the concentration 1.5%, but the Iodine value was decreased in all stored samples, but the lowest was the samples treated with chitosan, especially the concentration of 1.5%.The results showed that walnut oil contained many saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, but the highest amount of fatty acid was linoleic, then oleic, then linolenic, there was no change in the amount of saturated fatty acids, while the amount of unsaturated fatty acids decreased for untreated and chitosan-treated samples during storage, except that treatment with chitosan reduced the amount of losing.
Hadeel Ghaleb Hassan Al-Douri; Bassem Fadel Latif Al Douri
Volume 22, Issue 1 , March 2022, Pages 61-77
Abstract
The study aimed to predict Iraqi agricultural and food imports for the period (2021-2027) using the Box-Jenkins methodology. The autocorrelation and partial functions were used for the purpose of ensuring the stability of time series and testing the residual correlation, histogram and probabilistic distribution ...
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The study aimed to predict Iraqi agricultural and food imports for the period (2021-2027) using the Box-Jenkins methodology. The autocorrelation and partial functions were used for the purpose of ensuring the stability of time series and testing the residual correlation, histogram and probabilistic distribution of residuals of the estimated model for the purpose of ensuring the suitability of the chosen model The study found an increase in both Iraqi agricultural and food imports during the studied period, and in light of the results reached, the study recommends maintaining the growth of this sector at 1.5%, 1.2% for agricultural and food imports, respectively..
Najlaa Salah Mdloul; Jadoa Shehab Ahmed; Ahmad Hussein Battal
Volume 22, Issue 1 , March 2022, Pages 78-95
Abstract
The aim of the research is to predict the value of agricultural output and some fiscal policy variables using quarterly data from the first quarter of 2021 until the fourth quarter of 2025, through the application of different time series methods (random behavior, general trend, moving averages, simple ...
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The aim of the research is to predict the value of agricultural output and some fiscal policy variables using quarterly data from the first quarter of 2021 until the fourth quarter of 2025, through the application of different time series methods (random behavior, general trend, moving averages, simple exponential smoothing, Brown’s method In the exponential smoothing, ARIMA models) on each of the following variables (value of agricultural output, oil prices, government spending, GDP, agricultural investment, agricultural imports), and the results showed that ARIMA (1,0,1) model is the best A model for forecasting oil prices until the fourth quarter of 2025, and the results indicated that the general trend model is the best model for predicting the government spending variable until the fourth quarter of 2025, while the ARIMA (1,1,1) model was the model chosen to predict the variable GDP until the fourth quarter of 2025, as well as it became clear from the results that the best model used for prediction agricultural investment is the exponential smoothing model, while the ARIMA (2,0,4) model was the best model for forecasting agricultural imports until the fourth quarter of In 2025, the results also indicated that the best model that can be employed to predict the variable value of agricultural output is the quadratic trend model according to the predictive ability tests of different models..
Othman Najh Hijab; Maad A.K. Albaddy
Volume 22, Issue 1 , March 2022, Pages 105-111
Abstract
The study was conducted in one of the research farms in the Department of Animal Production / College of Agriculture at Tikrit University for the period from 17 /10/ 2020 to 11/1/2021 in order to determine the appropriate diets from energy and protein and impact on the production performance of the egg ...
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The study was conducted in one of the research farms in the Department of Animal Production / College of Agriculture at Tikrit University for the period from 17 /10/ 2020 to 11/1/2021 in order to determine the appropriate diets from energy and protein and impact on the production performance of the egg producing brown Japanese quail 35 days' age. the birds were categorized and divided into six treatments, each treatment contains three duplicates and each repeater contains 8 birds (6 females 2 males) raised for 12 weeks three durations for four weeks. The Experiment treatments were fed on the following diets: treatments resulting from the first treatment 2800 kcal/kg energy feed and 20% crude protein. (first treatment use (2800 kcal/kg and CP18 protein ratio), second use (2900 kcal/kg and CP20 protein ratio), third use (2700 kcal/kg and protein ratio) CP17) and treatments resulting from the second treatment 2900 kcal/kg energy feed and 22% crude protein (first use (2800 kcal/kg and CP18 protein ratio), second (2900 kcal/kg and CP20 protein ratio) third use (2700 kcal/kg and CP17 protein ratio). The results of the statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences between the factors in the percentage of egg production, the weight of eggs, and the feed consumption rate during the total period (6-17 weeks) and significant treatments exceeded the first, third, fourth and sixth treatments compared with the fifth treatment, There was no significant difference between them and the second treatment in the egg mass and the feed conversion factor was improved during the total period of all experiment treatments by compared with fifth treatment.
Mohammed S. Abdullah
Volume 22, Issue 1 , March 2022, Pages 112-118
Abstract
This study was carried out at Kani Graw field –around Erbil city during the breeding season 2021 by using two genetic groups of chickens, Kurdish local chickens (KK) and Super Harco commercial dual purpose chickens (HH), which were reciprocally mated to produce four combinations ( HH , KK ,HK and KH) ...
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This study was carried out at Kani Graw field –around Erbil city during the breeding season 2021 by using two genetic groups of chickens, Kurdish local chickens (KK) and Super Harco commercial dual purpose chickens (HH), which were reciprocally mated to produce four combinations ( HH , KK ,HK and KH) to estimate crossbreeding effects, general combining ability (GCA) and specific combing ability (SCA), heterotic effect percent (H%), and direct additive effect (DAE) for hatching traits in pure chickens and their crosses. Furthermore, GCA and SCA were also used to estimate breeding value (BV) and genetic value (GVFM) for two parents and their crosses. The results indicated that significant differences among genetic groups in fertility percentage (F%) and chick weight (CW) however did not observe any significant differences in egg weight (EW) , hatchability of total eggs percentage (HTE%) and embryonic dead rate (ED%). However there were no significant difference between H×K cross and it's reciprocal K ×H in EW, HTE% , F% and ED% traits, furthermore, the reciprocal crosses(K×H) had recorded statistically the highest values for HTE%, F% and CW compared to the other genotypes, the KK genotype was recorded positive values of GCA for EW , HTE% , F% and ED% traits.. the reciprocal crosses (K × H ) was recorded the positive and high estimates of SCA for HTE % , F % and ED % traits while, H x K had the highest positive estimates for EW trait compared to the other genotypes. percentages of Heterotic (H %) for the H x K cross and K x H reciprocal were recorded positive values of HTE% ,F% and ED% traits were found. On the other hand both cross and reciprocal were negative value for CW . The KK genotype had significant and positive values of direct additive effect (DAE) for F% and ED % traits. Both of the HH and KK genotypes had negative value of DAE for CW trait, KK strain and H× K cross had the highest expected breeding values for HTE% and F % traits. both of HH , KK and H×K genotypes had the negative breeding values for EW and CW, while, K×H reciprocal had the highest values of HTE% , F% and ED % traits. In addition , genetic value of KS had the highest value in H% , F% and ED% .
Kana Ali Mahmood; Afak Ibrahim Jumma; Danyar bahadin Mahmood
Volume 22, Issue 1 , March 2022, Pages 119-133
Abstract
A factorial experiment according to Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD)was conducted in Serchnar Nursery of the General Directorate of Agriculture in Sulaimani /Kurdistan Region - Iraq, to study the effect of Biofertilizer (Biohealth)at three level were using 0gmL-1 , seed inoculation in biohealth ...
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A factorial experiment according to Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD)was conducted in Serchnar Nursery of the General Directorate of Agriculture in Sulaimani /Kurdistan Region - Iraq, to study the effect of Biofertilizer (Biohealth)at three level were using 0gmL-1 , seed inoculation in biohealth at level 10gmL-1 of distiller water, soil innoculation with biohealth 5gm in 20 litter of water) and Biosimulator( Powhumus at two concentration 0mgL-1 (0ppm) of Powhumus, irrigation with 100mgL-1 (100ppm) of Powhumus), and foliar application with Biozyme TF at two concentration 0ml L-1 and 1ml L-1 on seeds germination and seedlings growth of Albizia lebbeck. It contains the individual factors and their combinations. Data were analyzed using XLSTAT software. The results showed the superiority of the Biohealth inoculation treatment of seeds in germination percentage which recorded 93.33% and soil inoculation showed superiority in (plant height, stem diameter, percentage of P, K, fresh and dry weight of the shoot system, shoot dry matter and root fresh weight) with a score of (101.92 cm, 6.73 mm, 2.38 %, 2.61 %, 139.39 gm, 30.55 gm and 21.44%) respectively. The treatment of using Powhumus showed its superiority in the characteristics of the ( percentage of germination, percentage of N,P,K, fresh and dry weight of the shoot system, percentage of shoot dry matter, fresh and dry weight of the root system) which were recorded (88.89%, 2,30%, 0.33%, 2.43%. 104.71 g, 23.89 gm, 22.54%, 63.87%, 12.03 gm and 17.64% ) respectively. Whereas, the Biozyme treatment excelled in the traits (plant height, stem diameter, N,P and K, relative chlorophyll in leaves, fresh and dry weight of the shoot system, fresh and dry weight of the root system) which they were recorded (80.99 cm, 5.64 mm, 2.36%, 0.31%, 2.34%, 47.20, 97.82 gm, 21.81 gm, 59.57gm, and 10.08gm respectively. In the interaction between soil inoculation with biohealth, irrigation with Powhumus and foliar application with Biozyme B2P1Z1 treatment showed its superiority in the characteristics (plant height, stem diameter, percentage of N,P and K, fresh and dry weight of the shoot system, root dry weight) which were recorded (146.50%, 8.90 mm, 2.93%, 0.49, 2.97, 119.32 gm, 44.77 gm and 25.21) respectively.
Abdullah Abdulkareem Hassan; Idham Ali A bed; Ahmed Fawzi Shafeeq; Idham Ali Abed
Volume 22, Issue 1 , March 2022, Pages 134-148
Abstract
Seven isolates of Pseudomonas bacteria were isolated from the casing soil and 11 fungal isolates from mushroom farm residues in the mushroom production farm - College of Agriculture , Tikrit University. According to the pathogenicity test, the highest infection rate was recorded by the bacterial isolate ...
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Seven isolates of Pseudomonas bacteria were isolated from the casing soil and 11 fungal isolates from mushroom farm residues in the mushroom production farm - College of Agriculture , Tikrit University. According to the pathogenicity test, the highest infection rate was recorded by the bacterial isolate 1077, It was diagnosed to the species level as Pseudomonas tolaasii according to the nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene. It was registered globally in the NCBI website within the accession number MW085029.1, this record is the first for this bacteria in Iraq, while the fungal isolate 1076 showed the highest pathogenicity and this isolate was diagnosed phenotypically to the level of the genus Trichoderma and diagnosed to the level of species T. harzianum according to the nucleotide sequences of the 5.8S rRNA gene and registered globally in the NCBI website within the accession number MW147763.1. In studying the effect of treatments of alcoholic extracts of Atriplex tatarica and Haloxylon salicornicum and their powder in the presence of the pathogenic fungus T. harzianum (Th) and the pathogenic bacteria P. tolaasii (P.t) on the morphological characteristics, infection rate, productivity and quality of mushroom Agaricus bisporus, the results showed that the pathogens had no effect on the most of the morphological characteristics, while the treatment (A. tatarica and H.salicornicum extracts 4 mg/ml + P. tolaasii + T. harzianum) was the best treatment that increased the productivity of the A. bisporus, reduced the severity and rate of infection, and improved of some qualitative characteristics.
Muhsen N. Hoshan
Volume 22, Issue 1 , March 2022, Pages 149-168
Abstract
The irrigated soils in dry and semi-arid areas suffer from the problem of salt accumulation because of not using sufficient leaching water to remove the salts added with the irrigation water. Soil salinity contributes to a decrease in the growth and productivity of plants grown in those conditions, as ...
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The irrigated soils in dry and semi-arid areas suffer from the problem of salt accumulation because of not using sufficient leaching water to remove the salts added with the irrigation water. Soil salinity contributes to a decrease in the growth and productivity of plants grown in those conditions, as well as affecting the physical, chemical and hydraulic properties of the soil. The reclamation process is a radical solution to the problem of salinization, and one of the most important basic ingredients for the success of the process of reclamation of saline soils is to determine the optimal amount of leaching water or what is called ( leaching Norm). Hence, the leaching process and the net movement of the leaching water are required to remove the salts to prevent them from concentrating in the root zone to the appropriate level for the plants' tolerance to ensure that it does not affect their growth and productivity. The concept of leaching a soil from salts and improving its physical and chemical properties depends on several factors, including the method of leaching, salinity, the amount of water added during the leaching process and the time period for leaching, as well as the properties of the soil and other factors. The salts present in the surface layer and their transfer with the movement of water to the depths and from there to the places of puncture, they also indicated that the increase in the leaching periods with low salinity of leaching water in the intermittent leaching method showed greater efficiency in using less quantities of water, in addition to that the increase in the leaching periods may increase From the speed of leaching salts from the soil, they also indicated that increasing the amount of water and leaching periods may contribute to reducing the salinity of the studied soil, especially in unsaturated soil conditions.
Ahmed Majeed Heeshan; Ammar S. Ismaeal; Abdulla Azawi Rashid
Volume 22, Issue 1 , March 2022, Pages 169-184
Abstract
The study was conducted in three selected sites representing the soils of three governorates of central and northern Iraq (Salah al-Din, Kirkuk, and Erbil), to determine the effect of morphological, physical and chemical characteristics of some soil genetic horizons on their spectral reflectivity using ...
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The study was conducted in three selected sites representing the soils of three governorates of central and northern Iraq (Salah al-Din, Kirkuk, and Erbil), to determine the effect of morphological, physical and chemical characteristics of some soil genetic horizons on their spectral reflectivity using digital camera as well as Knowing the degree of soil development and classification according to the Quantitative (American) system for classifying soils, Three pedons representing these soils were excavated, the horizons were morphologically diagnosed and samples were obtained from each horizon of each pedon from the soils of the study sites to conduct some laboratory tests for the physical and chemical properties. Pictures were taken that combine dry and wet samples; In order to calculate the spectral reflectivity and RGB values using ERDAS software. The results revealed a heterogeneity in the morphological characteristics represented by the dominant color class of each pedon, with the diagnosis of the morphological features of each of the surface diagnostic horizon Ochric with the subsurface diagnostic horizons Gypsic, Calcic and Argillic. The results also found that the spectral reflectivity values of RGB were high in dry soil and decreased in the wet condition, and the lowest value of the spectral reflectivity was for the surface horizons, as it reached 44.87% on the surface horizon of the second pedon, and the highest value of the reflectivity was on the horizon Cky1 of the pedon 1, where its ratio is 72.15% ,and the reflectivity values of the red color at the red band were high in pedon Erbil as a result of the effect of iron oxides. Show the spectral and hematological differences represented by the index of brightness (value), hue and index of iron oxides The results also found that the most influential traits in these spectral indices are the dominant soil color as well as the texture of the soil represented by the content of silt and clay with moisture content, as well as the effect of the content of organic matter, iron oxides, gypsum and lime content on the surface and subsurface diagnostic horizons.
