Document Type : Articles
Author
Department of Agribusiness and Rural Development, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani
Abstract
The research aimed to determine the level of causes for the migration of farmers from the rural areas to the city from the point of view of the agricultural extension workers in the Sulaymani Governorate and its relationship to some variables, as well as identifying the proposed ways to reduce the migration of farmers from the rural areas to the city. The data was collected using a questionnaire and the personal interview method from the research population, consisting of (98) agricultural extension agents representing (100%) of the size of the research population. The results of the research showed that the level of farmers’ migration from the rural areas to the city is average, tends to rise. And that there is no difference in the opinions of agricultural extension workers towards the migration of farmers from the rural areas to the city according to the research variables (age, educational level, marital status, number of years of experience in the field of agricultural extension, job satisfaction, and the degree of informal social participation), while there is a discrepancy between the opinions of Agricultural extension workers towards the migration of farmers from the rural areas to the city according to the research variables (gender, specialization), Therefore, the researcher recommends that the state establish economic and service projects in the villages to return the rural people to their villages and their original homes, and taking into account the problems that the research results proved to have an impact on the migration of farmers when preparing a future indicative plan in this field..
Keywords
- Abdwlhalim, H. K., Mohamad, Z.H., (2003). The expected role of extension training centers, extension work in light of changes in the public of the agricultural extension service, the seventh conference of the Scientific Society of Agricultural Extension, October 22, P,139.
- Abo elenein, M.A. and A.A.Al-Qarqari, (2019). Evaluation of the Role of Agricultural Extension in the Face of Agricultural Risks from the Point of View of Farmers in Ismailia Governorate, Assiut J. Agric. Sci., (50) No. (1), (195-209).Doi: 10.21608/ajas.2019.33518 https://ajas.journals.ekb.eg/article_33518.html
- Abou Seeda, M.A., (2015). Determinants of Youth Attitudes in Rural Families towards Migration to Urban Areas in Some Villages in Alexandria Governorate, Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 39(1), 356. https://ejar.journals.ekb.eg/article_153574_fee7be6a0d9f1a21c4b57cc9ea541986.pdf
- AL-Abbassi, A.F. Khalil., (2018), Methods of Scientific Research and Statistical Analyses in Behavioral Sciences, Noon House for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, University of Mosul-Iraq, p187.
- Allam, Salah al-Din Mahmoud, (2009) Personal and educational standards, Dar Al-Masirah for Publishing and Distribution, Amman, Jordan.p711.
- Alfred Babi, M., Guogping. X, John. L, (2017). Causes and consequences of rural-urban migration: The case of Juba Metropolitan, Republic of South Sudan, Earth and Environmental Science, 81 (2017) 012130. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/81/1/012130 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/17551315/81/1/012130/pdf
- AL-Qarqari, A. A & M. A. Abo Elenein (2019), Evaluation of the agricultural extension role of agricultural extension agents in strawberry production from farmers' point of view in Ismailia governorate, Egypt, Archive journal , 2(1):1-12. DOI: 10.21608/AASJ.2019.9682.1001 https://aasj.journals.ekb.eg/article_28974.html
- Al-Saeidy, T. A. Hadros., Al-Utabi, J. M. Hamid., (2009), the attitudes of Dhiqar farmers towards the tradition of their fellow farmers who cultivate vegetables under greenhouses and their relationship to some personal factors, Al-Furat Journal for Agricultural Sciences, 1 (4), p. 197. http://www.ejs-agri.com/uploads/pdf/NewFolder/1/4/25.pdf
- Al – Sakran, M.S ., Muneer,S.T.,(2018) Rural –urban migration in some of the administrative regions in Saudi Arabia and its effect on agricultural development ,The Scientific Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University Vol. 57 (2): 215 – 230. https://www.academia.edu/174524/Rural_urban_migration_in_some_administrative_areas_of_Saudi_Arabia_and_its_effect_on_agricultural_development?auto=download
- Al-Samarrai, A. Ahmad., Adnan H. al-Jadri., (1991), Agricultural Extension Science, University of Baghdad, Higher Education Press.
- Amrevurayire, EQ. Vincent.N.O., (2016), Consequences of Rural-Urban Migration On The Source Region Of Ughievwen Clan Delta State Nigeria. European Journal of Geography, Volume 7, Number 3:42 – 57. File:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Downloads/3.ConsequencesofruralUrbanmigrationonthesourceregionofughievwenclandeltastatenigeria.Pdf
- Dahmani, M.B. Nasira, B (2009). The integration of rural migrants into the urban environment, a field studies in the city of Al-jelfa, Humanization Journal for Research and Studies, 1, (2), 118-135. https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/83056
- Eidan, A.A, Abbas, J.A., (2013). The Problem That Motivate Farmers to Leave Their Farming And Immigrate Into Town, Al Technic Journal, 26(1).
- El-Moghazy, W., H. M. Saleh., I. A. Saafan.,(2019).Activating the Role of Agricultural Extension in Agricultural Risk Management in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Assiut J. Agric. Sci., (50) No. (1), (195-209) Doi: 10.21608/ajas.2019.33518 https://ajas.journals.ekb.eg/article_33518_765a78cc044fe742d806c6377ae8ed32.pdf
- Gutkar, Neha (2019).Concept and theories of migration: An in depth understanding with empirical data, Gujarat University, Department of Human Resource Development, visiting faculty, retrieved April 23, 2019,
- https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/%20bit%20stream/10603/37372/9/09_chapter%203.pdf
- Hwsain, T.M., Abd-Alhafz, M.M., (2020). The motives and repercussions of the migration of rural families to the new agricultural areas in the Alwadi Aljadid Governorate, Journal of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences , 11(3): 115-122. https://www.readcube.com/articles/10.21608%2Fjaess.2020.87146
- International Organization for Migration (IOM). (2019). International Migration Statistics, Country Office in the Arab Republic of Egypt. https://egypt.iom.int/ar/%D8%A5%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%
- Kawafha, Tayseer Mufleh, (2010), Measurement and Evaluation, Methods of Measurement and Diagnosis in Special Education, Third Edition, Al-Maisarah, Jordan. https://www.neelwafurat.com/itempage.aspx?id=lbb134331-94522&search=books
- Lawal, K.S., T.A.Okeowo, (2014). Effects of Rural Urban Migration on Labour Supply in Cocoa Production in Ondo East Local Government Area of Ondo State, International Letters of Natural Sciences 13(1) (2014) 1-11 https://www.scipress.com/ILNS.18.1.pdf
- Malik, A. S., (2015). Rural Urban Migration; Socio-Cultural Changes in Pakistan- Preventive Measures Taken By Government and Civil Society to Control It, Professional Med J;22(6):674-682. https://applications.emro.who.int/imemrf/Professional_Med_J_Q/Professional_Med_J_Q_2015_22_6_674_682.pdf
- Melhem, S. M, (2010). Research Methods in Education and Psychology, Sixth Edition, Dar Al-Masirah for Publishing and Distribution, Amman, Jordan.
- http://www.s-ajfan.com/vb/showthread.php?t=195756.
- Ochuko , Edith & Vincent Nduka(2016), Consequences Of Rural-Urban Migration On The Source Region Of Ughievwen Clan Delta State Nigeria, European Journal of Geography Volume 7, Number 3:41 - 56 . file:///C:/Users/LENOVO/Downloads/3.CONSEQUENCESOFRURALURBANMIGRATIONONTHESOURCEREGIONOFUGHIEVWENCLANDELTASTATENIGERIA%20(1).pdf
- Simelton, Elisabeth ., Duong, M. T., Ella, H.,(2021). When the “Strong Arms” Leave the Farms—Migration, Gender Roles and Risk Reduction in Vietnam, Journal of Sustainability, 13(7), 4081. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13074081 https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/7/4081
- Sharshar, Abdel-Hamid Amin (2007), Agricultural Extension Programs, Dar Al-Nada for Printing and
- Publishing, Cairo. http://main.eulc.edu.eg/eulc_v5/Libraries/start.aspx?fn
- United Nations (2019).International Migration Report, Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division, ST/ESA/SER.A/438. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/migrationreport/docs/InternationalMigration2019_Report.pdf
)