Waleed K. S. Al-Juheishy; Salim A Younis; Hossam M. Hameed
Volume 24, Issue 4 , December 2024, Pages 1-10
Abstract
During the 2021–2022 winter growing season, an experiment was carried out in two distinct locations: Field Crops Department Research Station-College of Agriculture and Forestry and Wana sub-district. The study aimed to investigate the influence of 3 levels from nitrogen fertilizer (0 , 75 , 150 ...
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During the 2021–2022 winter growing season, an experiment was carried out in two distinct locations: Field Crops Department Research Station-College of Agriculture and Forestry and Wana sub-district. The study aimed to investigate the influence of 3 levels from nitrogen fertilizer (0 , 75 , 150 kg N/ ha) and 3 zinc rates (0 , 20 , 40 mg/L) on the growth, and flax production (Linata variety). It was factorial experimentation with two factors set in a split-plot design within (RCBD) with three blocks. Main plots included 3 levels from nitrogen fertilizer, while sub-plots included 3 zinc rates. The results showed that the 75 kg N/ha fertilization level significantly outperformed in seeds number/ capsule , capsules number/plant, 1000-seed weight , seed yield, oil percentage in seeds and oil yield in locations the College and Wana, respectively. Meanwhile, 150 kg N/ ha fertilization level excelled in plant height and branch number/ plant for locations. The data also showed that the 20 mg/L zinc concentration significantly outperformed in plant height, branch number/plant, and oil percentage in seeds. Conversely, the 40 mg/L zinc concentration excelled in seeds number/ capsule , capsules number/plant, 1000-seed weight , seed yield and oil yield in both locations. Moreover, there was a significant interaction between the 75 kg N/ha fertilization level and the 40 mg/L zinc concentration in capsules number/plant at the Wana location, and seed yield for locations, respectively.
Mahmood Fadhil Al-douri; Ehsan F.S. Al-Douri
Volume 24, Issue 4 , December 2024, Pages 11-20
Abstract
Strawberry plants have high nutritional requirements for their tiny size; therefore, many experiments are carried out to determine the types of fertilizer and their concentrations that improve vegetative growth, yield, and fruits quality of strawberry. This experiment was conducted in the greenhouse ...
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Strawberry plants have high nutritional requirements for their tiny size; therefore, many experiments are carried out to determine the types of fertilizer and their concentrations that improve vegetative growth, yield, and fruits quality of strawberry. This experiment was conducted in the greenhouse belonging to Horticulture and Landscape dept./ College of Agriculture/ Tikrit University/ Iraq, to determine the effect of compound fertilizer (NPK, 20:20:20) and Humic acid on some characteristics of leaves and fruits of Ruby gem strawberry cultivar. NPK fertilizer was added to the soil with three levels (0, 50 and 100 g m-2) and two times, the first before planting and the second was at the flowering stage. 100 ml per plant of humic acid solution was also added two times, the first, three days after planting and the second at the flowering stage, with three levels (0, 5 and 10 ml L-1). The treatments were arranged into Randomized complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results obtained that, the NPK fertilizer, Humic acid and their interactions especially the higher levels of them encouraged the studied characteristics and increased significantly leaves area per plant (cm2), chlorophyll index (SPAD), number of fruits per plant, and TSS% and anthocyanin pigment concentration of fruit flesh. Meanwhile, the previous treatments decreased significantly titratable acidity of fruits. The more effective treatment was fertilizing the plants by 100 g of NPK plus 100 ml of humic acid solution of 10 ml L-1, that it may be recommended to enhance the growth and fruit traits of Ruby gem cultivated under this experiment environment.
Adnan Aldulaimi; Abd-Alhadi I. Al Jumaily; Sami Kh. Saeed
Volume 24, Issue 4 , December 2024, Pages 21-34
Abstract
The current study was designed to observe and test the effect of the Wheatgrass aqueous extract on blood parameters and histological changes in liver and kidneys in male albino mice that were exposed to aluminum poisoning (40 mg/kg bw) for 30 days. The animals were divided into (3) groups containing ...
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The current study was designed to observe and test the effect of the Wheatgrass aqueous extract on blood parameters and histological changes in liver and kidneys in male albino mice that were exposed to aluminum poisoning (40 mg/kg bw) for 30 days. The animals were divided into (3) groups containing five (5) animals and weighing (20-24 gm). The results of oral administration with aluminum showed a significant decrease in final body weight and the weight of the liver, spleen and testes. And concentrations of each of the RBCs, HCB, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC and GRAN. And a significant increase in WBC, LYM and MON. The weight of the kidneys and heart were not significantly different compared to the healthy control group. A microscopic examination of liver and kidney tissue sections of the group of animals treated with aluminum observed central vein congestion (CON), separation of the central wall vein and part of it in the liver Picture. In the kidneys Picture shows the degeneration of most urinary tubule cells (D) with clear hemorrhage within the kidney tissue. The results of the treatment with wheatgrass + aluminum had a positive effect on body weight, organs, and blood parameters. And observed the normal shape of the central vein (CV), hepatic cells (HC) and hematopoietic sinuses in the liver Picture, showing the semi-normal shape of urinary tubules (UT) and renal glomeruli (G) with hemorrhage (H) within the kidney tissue Picture, compared with the aluminum infected group. Therefore, it can be concluded that wheatgrass has a great ability to improve hematological parameters and histological changes in the liver and kidneys.
Abrar Akeel Naser
Volume 24, Issue 4 , December 2024, Pages 35-48
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to study the response of tubers of different potato cultivars to treatment with growth regulators gibberellic acid before planting and spraying with growth regulator CPPU on vegetative growth using three levels for each (0, 5, 10) mg L-1 and its effect on vegetative and ...
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This experiment was conducted to study the response of tubers of different potato cultivars to treatment with growth regulators gibberellic acid before planting and spraying with growth regulator CPPU on vegetative growth using three levels for each (0, 5, 10) mg L-1 and its effect on vegetative and yield traits ,the experiment was carried out using a split-split plot design within the randomized complete plot design (R.C.B.D.) with three replications, the cultivars put in main plot, GA3 in sub plot and spraying with CPPU in sub-sub plot as more important. The results showed that Laperla cultivar gave significant increase in two characteristics Leaves number , sprouting percentage , reached to (81.94 leaf plant-1 and 2.60%), respectively, while Barcelona cultivar was superior in protein percentage in tubers, which gave 5.32%. As for the CPPU spraying 5 mg L-1, was superior in protein percentage in tubers, which gave 4.92%, while the concentration 10 mg L-1 was superior in leaves number, which reached 75.14 leaf plant-1. As for the effect of treatment with gibberellic acid, it was clear in two characteristics, leaves number and protein percentage gave (72.58 leaf plant-1 and 4.21%) at 5 mg L-1. As for the binary and triple interactions, they caused significant differences for all traits, except unmarketable tubers number didn’t have any significant differences.
Nagham R. Muhammad; Firas AI-Raheem; Osama K. Jabara
Volume 24, Issue 4 , December 2024, Pages 49-67
Abstract
The objective of this research is to quantify profit margins, marketing expenses, and the effectiveness of marketing strategies for table eggs in the central governorates of Iraq. This is achieved through a questionnaire targeting three distinct tiers within the marketing process: the product dealer, ...
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The objective of this research is to quantify profit margins, marketing expenses, and the effectiveness of marketing strategies for table eggs in the central governorates of Iraq. This is achieved through a questionnaire targeting three distinct tiers within the marketing process: the product dealer, wholesaler, and retailer. The findings revealed that approximately 66.25% of the consumer's payment is allocated to the producer, which serves as a key metric for assessing marketing effectiveness. The producer's revenues were about 1,443.24 dinars per carton of 30 eggs. The wholesaler earned around 342 dinars per carton, while the retailer's profits amounted to approximately 275 dinars per carton. These figures highlight the significance of the marketing margin components between the producer and the consumer. Retailer marketing expenses were prioritized, constituting about 36.97% of the marketing margin. The second largest expense was related to the product itself, accounting for around 22.09%. Wholesaler earnings contributed approximately 15.32%, while retailer earnings were about 12.32%. Transportation expenses, which are crucial for logistics, made up roughly 0.80% of the marketing margin. The marketing efficiency of table eggs produced at scale was approximately 65%, while the second measure accounted for 56%. This indicates a high level of marketing efficiency for table eggs in the region. The study also proposed solutions, emphasizing the need for proper transportation mechanisms, including cooling systems, to minimize damage and loss during marketing. Additionally, meeting agricultural marketing and production needs with reasonable pricing and high quality is vital for reducing production and marketing costs.
Ahmed Najat Fadhel; Husham. A. Mandalawi; Nidhal Abdulgani Mustafa; Atoof Abdulrahim Aziz
Volume 24, Issue 4 , December 2024, Pages 68-76
Abstract
We studied the effect of BEDGEN 40™ SFA inclusion in the water on growth performance and hematological parameters of broilers from 1 to 42 d of age. The experimental design was completely randomized with 3 treatments that consists of C was the control without BEDGEN inclusion, T2 and T3 was treated ...
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We studied the effect of BEDGEN 40™ SFA inclusion in the water on growth performance and hematological parameters of broilers from 1 to 42 d of age. The experimental design was completely randomized with 3 treatments that consists of C was the control without BEDGEN inclusion, T2 and T3 was treated by BEDGEN as supplements in drinking water (0.35 vs. 0.70 ml/1lt), respectively from 7 to 14 d and 21 to 28 d of age. Each treatment was 4 replicate and the experimental unit was a pen with 20 birds. All diets were based on corn, soybean meal, wheat, and included sunflower oil. From 1 to 42 d of age, inclusion of supplementation of BEDGEN 40™ SFA in drinking water increase body weight, weight gain, feed consumption (P<0.05) and improve feed conversion ratio, also exhibited significant effect on water intake at the last week of age and non-significant effect on blood lipids and PCV (P> 0.05) at day 21 and 42, during rearing period except blood HDL and Triglyceride at day 42. It is concluded that BEDGEN 40™ SFA supplementation were well utilized by broilers, at level of inclusion.
Haitham Mohammed; Ali A. Saeed; Mohammed H. Abu-Ellol
Volume 24, Issue 4 , December 2024, Pages 77-91
Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate the effect of ensiling wheat straw (WS) with addition of fermented juice of lactic acid bacteria (FJLB) prepared from wild reed plant with different sources and levels of soluble carbohydrates on changes in structural carbohydrates content and nutritive value ...
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This study was carried out to investigate the effect of ensiling wheat straw (WS) with addition of fermented juice of lactic acid bacteria (FJLB) prepared from wild reed plant with different sources and levels of soluble carbohydrates on changes in structural carbohydrates content and nutritive value of straw. The FJLBs were prepared by incubating wild reed plants with cane or date molasses at three levels, 0, 3, and 5% for each, and were added to WS at level of 1%, together with urea and molasses at a level of 1 and 10% respectively. The silage samples were packed in double plastic bags and kept anaerobically for 45 days. The results showed a significant decrease in the content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF, P<0.05), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and cellulose (P<0.01) in WS silage with increasing the level of soluble carbohydrates added at preparation of the FJLB. Ensiling WS with addition of FJLB prepared with a high level of those soluble carbohydrates resulted in a significant increase (P<0.01) in the in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD) and expected intake of dry matter (DMI), as well as a significant improvement (P<0.05) in the relative feed value (RFV) of the WS.
Nameer Khairullah Mohammed; Nur Fazhilah Hanim Binti Halim; Anis Shobirin Meor Hussin
Volume 24, Issue 4 , December 2024, Pages 92-104
Abstract
The type of cooking method that retains the optimum amount of nutrient in vegetables and fruits is still necessary to understand its impact. This study deals with the effects of three basic conventional cooking treatments (blanching, boiling and stir-frying) on the micronutrient content of three varieties ...
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The type of cooking method that retains the optimum amount of nutrient in vegetables and fruits is still necessary to understand its impact. This study deals with the effects of three basic conventional cooking treatments (blanching, boiling and stir-frying) on the micronutrient content of three varieties of (Solanum melongena L.) known as short, round and long purple eggplant fruits. Proximate analysis, texture analysis, colour analysis, pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solid and simple sugar analysis were carried out for this purpose of study. The proximate analysis revealed that there was a significant loss of nutrients during cooking treatments, with a high loss for boiling, followed by blanching and stir-frying. Fat content for short variety was dropped from 2.25% in a stir-fry to 0.02% in boil treatment, and protein content was decreased from 1.68% in blanching to 110% in stir-fry treatment. Texture properties and simple sugar content observed a significant change for each treatment, while there were no significant changes observed in colour, pH, titratable acidity and total soluble solid of the samples. Stir-fry is the most suitable cooking method in retaining the optimum amount of nutrient in all the three varieties of eggplant.
Firas I. AI-Raheem
Volume 24, Issue 4 , December 2024, Pages 105-119
Abstract
This manuscript aims to determine the marketing costs, the marketing margin, measure marketing, and study the factors which affecting them for the crop for the crop, a random sample of [65] farmers (10%) of the research community of (650 (who produced tomato Crops from the cultivated area was 448 dunums ...
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This manuscript aims to determine the marketing costs, the marketing margin, measure marketing, and study the factors which affecting them for the crop for the crop, a random sample of [65] farmers (10%) of the research community of (650 (who produced tomato Crops from the cultivated area was 448 dunums for the study population and 168 dunums for the sample Tikrit District for the 2022 production season , Salah al-Din Province, were selected. As for wholesalers, it reached (36), in addition to (42) retailers ., the production costs of the product amounted to approximately [189.269], while the marketing costs of the product reach to approximately [48.800] dinars per ton. Per ton, as the study showed, the merchant’s profits increased from the margin, as the first deserved an average of a quarter [150.300] dinars/ton, but the merchant’s profit amounted to about [76.500] dinars/ton, but the producer’s profits amounted to about [126.931] dinars/ton. But the factor influencing the marketing impact is that the results achieved by independent change are proportional to what this requires from an economic and statistical standpoint. (The cost of equipment and supplies, the cost of copying and downloading, the cost of transportation, marketing centers) is linked in a manner commensurate with the marketing specifications.The researcher recommended working to raise the marketing efficiency of the tomato crop, either by reducing the costs of marketing job performance or increasing the value of marketing benefits.
Taha Hasheem Khayoon; Fawziah Ali Abdullah; Rabia Jaddoa Abbas
Volume 24, Issue 4 , December 2024, Pages 120-131
Abstract
The study investigated the impact of postbiotics generated from Lactobacillus acidophilus (Lap) and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (Lpp) on the productive performance, egg quality, and serum biochemical parameters of laying hens. At 40 weeks of age, 126 Lohmann hens were randomly assigned to seven treatments ...
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The study investigated the impact of postbiotics generated from Lactobacillus acidophilus (Lap) and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (Lpp) on the productive performance, egg quality, and serum biochemical parameters of laying hens. At 40 weeks of age, 126 Lohmann hens were randomly assigned to seven treatments with three replications of six birds each. The basal diet (T1) was administered without supplements (negative control) or supplemented with tetracycline (T2) at 0.02% (positive control). The other five groups: T3, T4 (basal diet supplemented with postbiotics (Lap) 0.35%, and (Lap) 0.70% produced from Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria respectively); T5, T6 (basal diet supplemented with postbiotics (Lpp) 0.35%, and (Lpp) 0.70% produced from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum bacteria respectively); T7 (basal diet supplemented with postbiotics (0.35% Lap + 0.35% Lpp). Postbiotics and tetracycline (TET) did not affect (P≥0.05) in body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), egg weight, egg mass, egg quality or serum total protein, albumin and globulin. Egg production and egg number were greater (P≤0.05) in the postbiotics (Lap 0.70%, Lpp 0.70%, and mixture (0.35% Lap + 0.35% Lpp), and TET supplemental group as compared to the control (T1). While cholesterol and triglycerides (except 0.35% Lap, 0.35% Lpp), were decreased significantly (P≤0.05) than T1. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity (except 0.35% Lap, 0.35% Lpp) improved as compared to T1. The results indicate that the supplementation of postbiotics has a positive effect on laying hens performance and some biochemical parameters.
Alaa Kareem Niamah; Asaad SH. A Niamah; Haider I. A.
Volume 24, Issue 4 , December 2024, Pages 132-144
Abstract
Microencapsulation processes are used to preserve the viability of probiotic bacteria. This study prepared the encapsulating mixture using whey proteins and gum Arabic to capsulate Limosilactobacillus reuteri bacteria. The vacuum oven was used for the encapsulation process and followed the proportions ...
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Microencapsulation processes are used to preserve the viability of probiotic bacteria. This study prepared the encapsulating mixture using whey proteins and gum Arabic to capsulate Limosilactobacillus reuteri bacteria. The vacuum oven was used for the encapsulation process and followed the proportions recommended by the Design of Experiments program. Moisture content, powder yield, changes in bacterial viable cell numbers, and the efficiency of the encapsulated bacteria were estimated. Subsequently, the best conditions for producing encapsulated bacteria were determined and the encapsulating material surrounding the bacteria was examined using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results of the Design of Experiments showed that the optimal volume of Limosilactobacillus reuteri was 3 mL containing 11.74 log CFU/mL, mixed with a mixture of an encapsulating solution consisting of 10 g of whey protein and 3.75 g of gum Arabic. The optimal conditions for the encapsulation process were found to be a temperature of 50°C and a pressure of 0.6 bar for 180 minutes. The logarithmic of the bacterial enumeration was recorded at 9.12 CFU/g, whereas the encapsulation effectiveness was 77.68%, accompanied by a moisture content of 4.26%. The powder yield exhibited a mass percentage of 83.58%. The morphological analysis conducted through SEM illustrated the envelope enveloping Lim. reuteri bacteria. The diameter of the shell encasing the bacteria attained a measurement of 68.29 nm. The storage period did not significantly influence bacterial counts or encapsulation efficiency at 4°C and 25°C for 6 months.
Thamer Al-Shuwaili; Farhan Jasim Mohammed Al-Behadili; Mushtak Talib Mohammadali; Zainab Mohammed Khalaf; Beibei Li; Yonglin Ren
Volume 24, Issue 4 , December 2024, Pages 145-157
Abstract
The objective of this study is to analyze Trogoderma variabile metabolism fed on various host grains (Rice, maize, wheat, oats, barley and canola) using GC-MS. Also, hydrocarbons profiling is suggested as a chemo-taxonomical marker/ tool to identify species of insect and especially ...
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The objective of this study is to analyze Trogoderma variabile metabolism fed on various host grains (Rice, maize, wheat, oats, barley and canola) using GC-MS. Also, hydrocarbons profiling is suggested as a chemo-taxonomical marker/ tool to identify species of insect and especially when they are morphological quite similar like T. granarium. Six different commodities were the rearing substrates of T. variabile. To prepare the samples, insects were treated with acetonitrile. A method called DI-SPME was utilized, followed by GC-MS for analyzing and categorizing compounds. Furthermore, the specific type of grain that the insects fed on had a notable impact on the chemical compounds detected in Trogoderma variabile different larvae stages, including fatty acids and hydrocarbons. However, there were 17,16 , 14,16,14 and 13 compounds extracted form third larvae instar reared on barley, wheat,canola, maize, rice and oats respectively. in comparison to sixth larvae instar, results showed that there were 13,13,21,21,15 and 14 compounds from the larvae reared on oats and barley, wheat,canola, maize, rice and oats respectively.
Hussein A. Al-Azzawi; Ghassan J. Z.
Volume 24, Issue 4 , December 2024, Pages 158-166
Abstract
The current research aimed to know the effect of sowing date and fertilizers rate of mineral and organic on qualitative of kohlrabi. This study conducted on Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) cv. White Vienna at the Experimental Station of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape, College ...
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The current research aimed to know the effect of sowing date and fertilizers rate of mineral and organic on qualitative of kohlrabi. This study conducted on Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) cv. White Vienna at the Experimental Station of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, during the winter season of 2021-2022. The experiment carried out according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The experiment consisted of two factors. First factor included three dates of sowning viz, 2/8, 16/8. and 1/9. Second factor included five levels of nitrogen combination i.e. (100% mineral (N), 75% mineral (N) + 25% organic (N), 50% mineral (N) + 50% organic (N), 25% mineral (N) + 75% organic (N) and 100% organic (N). The results showed that sowing date 2/8 recorded highest values in percentage nitrogen and potassium in kohlrabi leaves and percentage of acidity in knob. While, sowing dates 16/8 and 1/9 recorded highest values in total dissolved solids (TSS) in knob and content of vitamin C in knob respectively. On the other hand, using 25% (N) mineral+ 75% (N) organic improved all studied of quality characteristics except percentage of acidity in knob compared to other fertilizer treatments. Therefore, the interaction treatment between sowing date 2/8 with 25% (N) mineral+ 75% (N) organic increased percentage of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium in the leaves, acidity and content of vitamin C in the knob.
Younis Walid Younis; Dhafer Shakir Abdullah; Ali Najim Abdullah
Volume 24, Issue 4 , December 2024, Pages 167-176
Abstract
This study aims to detection polymorphism of β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) and its impact the yield of milk and chemical composition of Iraqi goats. in this project 75 local goats were taken with age (1.5-5.5 years), period of this study obtaining from 31-1-2023 for 28-5-2024, genotyping of this group ...
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This study aims to detection polymorphism of β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) and its impact the yield of milk and chemical composition of Iraqi goats. in this project 75 local goats were taken with age (1.5-5.5 years), period of this study obtaining from 31-1-2023 for 28-5-2024, genotyping of this group by PCR-SSCP then sequencing for diagnostic the variation, genotyping and allelic frequency by PopGene32 software, milk samples taken in morning, analyzing by milk analyzer. Result show we have two allele T and A were 0.81, 0.19 respectively, whereas for genotypes frequency, TT and TA were 0.61, 0.39 respectively. χ2 calculated higher than χ2 standard, in average daily milk yield (ADMY) and total milk yield (TMY) there is a significant with TT vs TA, 0.872, 0.809 g/day, 119.84, 111.16 kg/day respectively, whereas milk composition there are a significant difference between genotypes, TA vs TT in lactose and solid nonfat 4.84, 4.44 and 8.72, 8.20 respectively. A difference between genotyping in ADM, TMY, LAC and SNF was observed so can be used a genetic marker in improvement programs that uses in goats breeding and farm animals.
Sabaa Jawad Abdulkadhim; Abbas Hadi Hashim; Akram Abd Alkadem Hadi
Volume 24, Issue 4 , December 2024, Pages 177-192
Abstract
The escalating problem of water deficit, along with the surging prevalence of droughts caused by the effects of worldwide climate change, poses a serious threat to plants growth and productivity. Consequently, the current investigation was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of Nano-chitosan in mitigating ...
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The escalating problem of water deficit, along with the surging prevalence of droughts caused by the effects of worldwide climate change, poses a serious threat to plants growth and productivity. Consequently, the current investigation was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of Nano-chitosan in mitigating the adverse impacts of water stress on papaya saplings. A factorial experiment was executed during agricultural season 2023, designed using RCBD with two factors. Three levels of chitosan were used (control, normal chitosan, and nano-chitosan) by using foliar application with a dosage of 50 ppm to each of them. Four levels of irrigation periods (2, 4, 6 and 8 days) were used for water stress treatments, to simulate varying levels of water scarcity. Duncan's multiple range test was employed to analyze the statistical variances among the means at a probability of 0.05. Water stress resulted in a decline shoot and root dry weight, total leaf area, stem diameter and plant height. Leaf analysis revealed a significant decline in P %, N %, K % and total chlorophyll, while proline and peroxidase activity (POD) increased with increasing water stress levels. However, foliar spray of Nano-chitosan showed marked increased of full shoot growth parameters and total chlorophyll, N %, P % and K%. Meanwhile, the application of Nano-chitosan reduced the content of POD and proline leaves. Generally, the findings demonstrated the importance of chitosan in mitigating the harmful effect of water shortage on papaya saplings. This investigation will supply beneficial data that can be used later to develop papaya cultivation under unsuitable environmental conditions such as water scarcity.
Flaieh Hammed Kassar; Ahmed Merza Abood; Jawad Kadhim Al Aridhee
Volume 24, Issue 4 , December 2024, Pages 193-204
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during Winter Season 2022- 2023. The aim of experimental to evaluate the effect of tractor engine speeds and gear position on the vibration levels during sowing operation. The first factor was engine speed of tractor (1000, 1500 and 2000 rpm) and the second factor was ...
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A field experiment was conducted during Winter Season 2022- 2023. The aim of experimental to evaluate the effect of tractor engine speeds and gear position on the vibration levels during sowing operation. The first factor was engine speed of tractor (1000, 1500 and 2000 rpm) and the second factor was the third gear position at two level high and low speed. The measurements were taken at three separate locations (platform, seat and steering wheel) of tractor, in three direction (vertical, horizontal and lateral). The experimental laid out using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results of this study indicated that vibration level was increased as the engine speed of tractor increased at platform, seat and steering wheel in all directions. The change in the gear position setting has a significant effect on the vibration level. The lowest value of vibration acceleration (2.633m.s-2) was obtained at low speed. The maximum acceleration level (9.472m.s-2) was achieved at lateral direction in steering wheel location whereas, the minimum value (1.100m.s-2) was obtained at 1000 engine speed and low gear position in horizontal direction in seat location.
Karrar Akram Al Tameemi; Wurood Jabbar Idan; Dunya Mohi Mohsin; Dhurgham Sabeeh Altai; Nóra Mendler-Drienyovszki
Volume 24, Issue 4 , December 2024, Pages 205-219
Abstract
Over the past decade, Iraqi beekeepers have begun cultivating canola (Brassica napus L.) to support their bees with natural winter pasture. They applied consecutive planting dates ensuring successive and extended flowering period for their bees. The main aim of this study was to assess the impact of ...
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Over the past decade, Iraqi beekeepers have begun cultivating canola (Brassica napus L.) to support their bees with natural winter pasture. They applied consecutive planting dates ensuring successive and extended flowering period for their bees. The main aim of this study was to assess the impact of environmental factors like temperature and humidity on nectar production, including nectar quantity, sugar concentration, flowering dates, number of flowers, and flowering duration. In a field experiment four sowing dates were applied in 2022(15th of Sept., 1st of Oct., 15th of Oct. and 1st of Nov.). The study found that high temperatures negatively impacted the quantity of nectar while strong relationship was detected between relative humidity and the increase in the produced nectar and the decrease in sugar concentration. T1 resulted the longest flowering period (120 days), followed by T2 (111 days) and T3 (85 days). T1 and T2 also produced more flowers per plant (477 and 358, respectively) compared to T3 (169 flowers). T3 plants had the longest period of vegetative growth (61 days) but the lowest average plant height (165 cm). T1 and T2 had shorter vegetative growth periods (48 and 44 days, respectively) but achieved higher plant heights (223 and 204 cm). The study concludes that consecutive sowing dates are not beneficial for beekeepers in Iraq, and mid-September being the optimal sowing date for an extended flowering period and increased flower production. This is the first ever research of rapeseed as a honey plant in Iraq.
Loay H. Ali; Mona M. Alkarbolii
Volume 24, Issue 4 , December 2024, Pages 220-234
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the therapeutic effects of Cordia myxa (Bumber ) against cardiototoxicity caused by Isoprenaline (ISO) in male Wistar rats. Twenty eight adult Wistar male albino rats were equally divided into four groups, In Group I (control group received saline at a dose of (0.1 ...
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The aim of this study was to assess the therapeutic effects of Cordia myxa (Bumber ) against cardiototoxicity caused by Isoprenaline (ISO) in male Wistar rats. Twenty eight adult Wistar male albino rats were equally divided into four groups, In Group I (control group received saline at a dose of (0.1 ml/100 g, S.C.) , Group II (MI group): Isoproterenol dissolved in sterile saline was injected subcutaneously (0.1 ml / 100 g) for 3 consecutive days at 24 h time to induce AMI. rat were killed 24 hours after the last injection, while Group III: Each rats oral dosage with C. myxa (250 mg/kg body weight) for 14 days , and Group IV (C. myxa later) ISO+ C. myxa . cardioprotective effects of Cordia myxa were manifested by decrease in the elevated serum levels activities of cardiac enzymes (CK-MB, cTnI, AST and LDH) together with the improvement of heart bio indicators of oxidative stress(MDA) and antioxidant defense system ( GSH ). Histopathological changes of heart were observed in second group (treated with ISO) and fourth group (ISO + Cordia myxa treated) as compared to control group. This study demonstrated the antioxidant effect of Cordia myxa and against ISO -induced cardiac injury.
Hani Ayed; Oroba B. Shihab; Mohammed A. Jassim
Volume 24, Issue 4 , December 2024, Pages 235-245
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the effect of Actimel milk on the weights of rats and the level of Total cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), Very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL- C), and the effectiveness ...
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This study was designed to determine the effect of Actimel milk on the weights of rats and the level of Total cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), Very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL- C), and the effectiveness of liver enzymes ALT, AST, and ALP in healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats suffering from hypercholesterolemia as an experimental model for this study. The rats were distributed into four groups (six rats each): the healthy control (T1), the infected control (T2), the infected and treated with yogurt milk (T3), and the infected and treated with Actimel milk (T4). After the end of the milk feeding period (28 days), the results showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the weight of the rats and the levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, and VLDL-V, and a significant increase in the HDL-C values of the rats fed the milk of the groups (T3, T4) compared with the infected control group (T2). As for the activity of liver enzymes ALT, AST, and ALP, the largest decrease was in the (T4) group compared to the infected control group (T2). It can be concluded that Actimel milk played a positive role in improving the blood lipid profile in rats suffering from hypercholesterolemia.
Mohammed Salih; Mohhaiman A. Mohamad; Salih Hussein
Volume 24, Issue 4 , December 2024, Pages 246-254
Abstract
The objective of the study was to know biological effect for the Sumac powder in the diets of Awassi lambs. A total of 24 Awassi lambs (12 male and 12 female) were used (age 3-4 months) (16.5±1.5g male and 20±2.5 g female) and divided to four groups (6 animals / 3 replicated). The experimental ...
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The objective of the study was to know biological effect for the Sumac powder in the diets of Awassi lambs. A total of 24 Awassi lambs (12 male and 12 female) were used (age 3-4 months) (16.5±1.5g male and 20±2.5 g female) and divided to four groups (6 animals / 3 replicated). The experimental animals were fed into four individually in case (2.5*1.5 cm). Group 1 were fed on a diet without adding 0 % (control); groups 2, 3 and 4 were fed 1, 3 and 5% sumac powder. The results showed indicate that adding Sumac powder to the feed significant differences between the groups in both AST and ALT. There were not significant between the groups in creatinine, urea, total protein, albumin, and globulin levels in the blood serum of the animals compared to the control group. Our results suggested that the sumac could be used in the animal food without any effect on their health.
Nadhim Salim Ghanim; Ghufran Adnan Jayed
Volume 24, Issue 4 , December 2024, Pages 255-265
Abstract
The experiment was carried out at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape - College of Agriculture - Tikrit University.The experiment aimed to know the effect of Brassinolide(BRs) on the induction of callus formation of the basil plant Ocimum basilicum L and ...
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The experiment was carried out at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape - College of Agriculture - Tikrit University.The experiment aimed to know the effect of Brassinolide(BRs) on the induction of callus formation of the basil plant Ocimum basilicum L and its estimated content of active substrates.The basil plant seeds were sowed in the solid medium Murashige and Skoog ( without plant growth regulators). True leaves were taken and grown on Murashige and Skoog medium supplied with concentrations of (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0) mg.L-1 of 2,4-D mixed with a concentration of 0.5 mgL-1 of Kin. After 4 weeks of planting, the results showed variation in callus generation between the concentrations of 2,4-D used.The concentration of 2.0 mg L-1 of 2,4-D mixed with 0.5 mg L-1 Kin gave the highest percentage of callus formation reaching 100%, the highest fresh weight amounting to 1.0325 g, and the highest callus volume (+++). The results of planting callus using different concentrations of Brassinolide (0.0, 0.01, 0.1, and 0.2) mg L-1 showed that callus grown on Murashige and Skoog medium supplied with a concentration (0.1 mg L-1) gave the highest fresh weight (0.6664 g)and dry weight (0.0710 g) of callus, While the concentration(0.2 mg L-1) of Brassinolide gave the highest concentration of the Caffeic acid, Luteolin, Rosemaric acid, Gallic acid andFerulic acid(15.49, 11.04, 16.90, 20.24, 7.90) ppm, respectively
Ahmed Khalid Ahmed; Nagam Khudhair; Sherif Melak; Zheng Peng
Volume 24, Issue 4 , December 2024, Pages 266-279
Abstract
Selenium is a vital nutrient for poultry, crucial for immune system regulation and function. We investigated the effects of dietary selenium (Se) supplementation on the expression genes of an immune response, selenoprotein P, programmed cell death, Antioxidants, and metabolism genes in the development ...
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Selenium is a vital nutrient for poultry, crucial for immune system regulation and function. We investigated the effects of dietary selenium (Se) supplementation on the expression genes of an immune response, selenoprotein P, programmed cell death, Antioxidants, and metabolism genes in the development of chicken liver. 400 chicks (broiler) of males were used and birds were divided equally across 4 diet treatments as 100 birds for each treatment. The control first group (T1) was fed a standard diet, the second experiment group (T2) was fed the experimental diet (a basic diet containing + 0.4 mg inorganic selenium Se/kg) and nontreated water, the third experiment group (T3) added selenium to water (standard diet and treated water (300ppm) Solution selenium), and the fourth experiment group (T4) added selenium to water (Solution selenium 300ppm) and to fed the experimental diet (basic diet containing + 0.4mg inorganic selenium Se/kg). The liver was collected individually after 6 weeks of feeding. The results indicated that IL-1β gene expression increased in T4 and the SePP1 gene increased in T3, as a significant increase in the Fas and FaslG genes in T4 and T3 respectively. Antioxidants and metabolic genes also increased in the T4 and T3 respectively. Therefore, these results indicate that nutritional supplements containing selenium especially when given with water or with water and feed, improve the immune response, apoptosis, antioxidants, and metabolic genes in chicken liver tissue.
Hala A. Abed; Rania R. Kadhim; ,Abdul-Lateef A. Jassam; Mustafa A. Raheem; Mohammed Kamil; Mushtaq T. Hamzaa
Volume 24, Issue 4 , December 2024, Pages 280-292
Abstract
This study employed advanced technology advancements and modern physical examinations to investigate and comprehend the development and utilization of land patterns in the Doura region within a specific timeframe. This study emphasizes the influence of urban geography on the physical expansion of the ...
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This study employed advanced technology advancements and modern physical examinations to investigate and comprehend the development and utilization of land patterns in the Doura region within a specific timeframe. This study emphasizes the influence of urban geography on the physical expansion of the city, specifically in the Doura area, where the existence of the Doura refinery is a significant factor. The project aims to examine the factors and methodologies that contribute to comprehending this development. Furthermore, due to its location on the outskirts of the capital, Baghdad, and its industrial nature, the Doura region saw a transformation from an industrial area to a residential area as the population increased, The minimum distance classifier was used to classify the study area for the years 2013 to 2023 into five categories, namely urban, water, soil, streets, and plant, using remote sensing data and the ENVI program. The result showed that the southern region of Baghdad witnessed major changes, with the urban area expanding exponentially and the lack of green spaces, as the urban area constituted 12% in 2013, rising to 42% in 2018 and reaching 53% in 2023. The categories reflect a decrease in soil land, suggesting Al-Doura's residential growth. Residential development, at the expense of both green and arid regions. may harm native plant life along with the ecology, affecting animals and plants that depend on this habitat. Urban sprawl raises land temperatures and pollutes the air. Reduced vegetation in lush and arid locations may hinder carbon dioxide collection and climate change mitigation.
