Ghaeth Mohasin; Mohammed Mohammed; Shaimaa Mohammed
Volume 23, Issue 2 , June 2023, Pages 1-9
Abstract
This study was conducted in the laboratories of the Department of Food Sciences - College of Agriculture - Tikrit University from November - 2020 until January - 2021 with the aim of estimating the extent of contamination of pastries offered in the market with heavy metals and estimating the concentration ...
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This study was conducted in the laboratories of the Department of Food Sciences - College of Agriculture - Tikrit University from November - 2020 until January - 2021 with the aim of estimating the extent of contamination of pastries offered in the market with heavy metals and estimating the concentration of potassium bromate. The concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ni) in pastries from different origins was estimated, as the cadmium concentration reached (<0.05 mg/kg) and did not exceed the internationally permissible limit. As for copper, its concentration ranged between (1.71 - 0.13 mg/kg) and did not exceed the internationally permissible limits. As for nickel, its concentration ranged between (0.16-0.95 mg/kg), and four samples of all studied samples exceeded the internationally permissible limits. This study showed that the potassium bromate concentration in pastries was between 0.21- (25.24 mg/kg) and all samples were within the internationally permissible limits.
Mahmood Al-Bayati; Basim Al-Obaydi
Volume 23, Issue 2 , June 2023, Pages 10-24
Abstract
Six soil pedons were selected, represented by the governorates of Salah al-Din and Najaf, distributed as three pedons for each governorate and located within a study path for each of them according to the geological formation, their physiographic location and the accompanying difference in sedimentation ...
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Six soil pedons were selected, represented by the governorates of Salah al-Din and Najaf, distributed as three pedons for each governorate and located within a study path for each of them according to the geological formation, their physiographic location and the accompanying difference in sedimentation conditions resulting from the different sedimentation sources and the parent material. The results of the mineral examinations showed the predominance of light minerals for the very fine sand fraction in all horizons of the study pedon soils, and the evaporites were dominant in it, except for the exploited zarka region, which was characterized by the predominance of carbonate rocks. The results of the mineral analysis using the x- rays of the powder of the soil models, the absolute dominance of the minerals Quartz and Gypsum with different proportions and crystal sizes, respectively, in the surface and subsurface horizons of the Fursan pedon located within the soil of Salah al-Din with a relative rate of 51.53% and an average crystal size of 30.28 nm and a rate of 73.76% and an average size of 31.41 nm The surface and subsurface of pedon zirconia exploited for the pedons of Najaf, followed by Calcite, Feldspar, Dolomite and Aragonite in different proportion and sizes, in addition to the presence of other minerals such as rutile and various iron oxides such as Goethite and Hemetite.
Abdullah Mahmoud; Abdullah Hassan
Volume 23, Issue 2 , June 2023, Pages 25-41
Abstract
The study was carried to know the effect of local strain, Streptomyces kanamyceticus on the growth and production of three varieties of eggplant plants and its control gray rot disease. The results showed that the S. kanamyceticus with the fungicide Prado in the presence of the pathogenic fungus B. cinerea ...
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The study was carried to know the effect of local strain, Streptomyces kanamyceticus on the growth and production of three varieties of eggplant plants and its control gray rot disease. The results showed that the S. kanamyceticus with the fungicide Prado in the presence of the pathogenic fungus B. cinerea achieved the highest plant, shoot and root system of dry weight and leaf area in all eggplant cultivars compared with the lowest these parameters in the pathogenic fungus treatment. The results also showed the lowest infection severity with the pathogen B. cinerea was recorded in Barcelona cultivar treated with (S. kanamyceticus+ Prado) which reached to 21.23% compared with the highest infection severity of 80.06% in the Norita cultivar infected with the pathogenic fungus. S. kanamyceticus with the fungicide Prado in the presence of the pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea achieved the highest resistance induction agents such as chitinase, β–glucanase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in all eggplant cultivars compared other treatments. The effect S. kanamyceticus was reflected by resistance induction, reducing the infection severity and improving the vegetative characteristics to a higher plant productivity. The highest fruit weight was recorded under the conditions of infection with the pathogenic fungus B. cinerea in Barcelona cultivar treated with S. kanamyceticus with the fungicide Prado reached to 588.82 gm compared with the lowest fruit weight of 301.41 gm in Norita cultivar in the treatment of pathogenic fungi only. In terms of fruit hardness, the treatment of S. kanamyceticus with the Prado in the presence of the pathogenic fungus B. cinerea achieved the highest fruit hardness reached 3.8 kg/cm2 in Barcelona cultivar compared with the lowest fruit hardness of 2.8 kg/cm2 in both cultivar Norita and Al-Nasr in the treatment of pathogenic fungus only.
Fatima Noraldin; Azad Sabow
Volume 23, Issue 2 , June 2023, Pages 42-61
Abstract
This research aimed to determine how the pre-slaughter restraint method affected broiler chickens' bleeding efficiency, carcass characteristics, and physicochemical qualities. Before slaughter, 30 male Ross broiler chickens were randomly allocated to either shackling or cone restraint. The individual ...
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This research aimed to determine how the pre-slaughter restraint method affected broiler chickens' bleeding efficiency, carcass characteristics, and physicochemical qualities. Before slaughter, 30 male Ross broiler chickens were randomly allocated to either shackling or cone restraint. The individual blood loss of each bird was determined by comparing their body weight before and after 90 seconds of exsanguination. On the pectoralis major muscle, meat quality measures including pH, water-holding capacity, colour, tenderness, and total bacterial counts were determined. At the same time, the incidences of haemorrhage on the breast and thigh of each carcass were analysed morphologically. It was found that shackling produced less blood loss than cone restraint. Except for the final pH, shackling significantly affected the quality of the end product, as muscle lightness, shear force, drip loss, cooking loss, lipid-protein oxidation, and bacterial counts increased (p<0.05). A lower reflective density of myosin heavy chain was found in the muscle of broiler chickens subjected to shackle restraint compared to cone restraint. However, actin was not different between the pre-slaughter restraining techniques. In addition, broiler birds held by the shackle exhibited larger (p<0.05) haemorrhages than those restrained by the cone. The results indicated that the method of restraint might affect bleed-out and carcass and meat quality in broiler chickens; consequently, it should be examined in future research.
Ahmed Asmaa; Noraldeen Sazar; Mustafa Sabiha
Volume 23, Issue 2 , June 2023, Pages 62-71
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation on the growth, development, and heavy metals in soil which cultivated with three plant species: Petunia hybrida, Antirrhinum majus, and Dianthus chinensis. The study measured various parameters such as foliage fresh weight, root fresh ...
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The study aimed to investigate the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation on the growth, development, and heavy metals in soil which cultivated with three plant species: Petunia hybrida, Antirrhinum majus, and Dianthus chinensis. The study measured various parameters such as foliage fresh weight, root fresh weight, flower numbers, root and plant length, flower diameter, leaves number, and petiole length. Results showed in a significant increase in foliage fresh weight 10.74 g, root fresh weight1.77g, flower numbers12.3, root length18.78cm, plant length73 cm, and flower diameter 4.3 cm, as compared to the control. A similar trend was observed in Antirrhinum majus, where mycorrhizal inoculation resulted in significantly higher values for foliage fresh weight 37.43g, root fresh weight 10.47g, flower numbers19, root length22.67, plant length75.67, and leaves number 34, as compared to the control. In Dianthus chinensis, mycorrhizal inoculation resulted in significantly higher values for foliage fresh weight 6.83 g, root fresh weight 3.17g, flower numbers16.67, root length15.33cm, and petiole length 2.2cm, as compared to the control. The study also investigated the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on leaf growth and development and found that it had a positive effect on leaf area, length, width, and aspect ratio. Furthermore, the study measured the concentration of various heavy metals in the soil and found that mycorrhizal inoculation had a significant effect on the concentration of some elements in the soil. These findings highlight the potential benefits of mycorrhizal inoculation in plant growth and development.
Sazar Noraldeen; Sabiha Mustafa; Asmaa Ahmed
Volume 23, Issue 2 , June 2023, Pages 62-71
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation on the growth and development; of three plant species: Petunia hybrida, Antirrhinum majus, and Dianthus chinensis. as well as heavy metals in soil. The study measured various parameters such as shoot fresh weight, root fresh ...
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The study aimed to investigate the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation on the growth and development; of three plant species: Petunia hybrida, Antirrhinum majus, and Dianthus chinensis. as well as heavy metals in soil. The study measured various parameters such as shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, flower numbers, root and plant length, flower diameter, leaves number, and petiole length. Results showed a significant increase in shoot fresh weight 10.74 g, root fresh weight1.77g, flower numbers12.3, root length18.78cm, plant length73 cm, and flower diameter 4.3 cm, as compared to the control. A similar trend was observed in Antirrhinum majus, where mycorrhizal inoculation resulted in significantly higher values for foliage fresh weight 37.43g, root fresh weight 10.47g, flower numbers19, root length 22.67, plant length75.67, and leaves number 34, as compared to the control. In Dianthus chinensis, mycorrhizal inoculation resulted in significantly higher values for shoot fresh weight 6.83 g, root fresh weight 3.17g, flower numbers16.67, root length15.33cm, and petiole length 2.2cm, as compared to the control. The study also investigated the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on leaf growth and development and found that it had a positive effect on leaf area, length, width, and aspect ratio. Furthermore, the study measured the concentration of various heavy metals in the soil and found that mycorrhizal inoculation had a significant effect on the concentration of some elements in the soil. These findings highlight the potential benefits of mycorrhizal inoculation in plant growth and development.
Nasih Ahmad; Faraidun Faraj
Volume 23, Issue 2 , June 2023, Pages 72-86
Abstract
This study was carried out in the village of Kane kawai chbux, located in the Sulamani governorate of Iraq in 2021. Two options were used to suppress population destiny: a bait trap and a light trap. The effect of color and light density on the attractiveness of adults of the moth Ocnerogyia amanda species ...
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This study was carried out in the village of Kane kawai chbux, located in the Sulamani governorate of Iraq in 2021. Two options were used to suppress population destiny: a bait trap and a light trap. The effect of color and light density on the attractiveness of adults of the moth Ocnerogyia amanda species of moth leaf worm of fig was studied, and the results showed that light traps yellow color were more effective than white color, Whereas the means monthly captured of adults/trap had (6.278,14.400,12.078), and white light traps means captured adults/trap monthly had ( 6.830,10.488,10.080)The results of the statistical analysis also showed significant differences between white light traps and yellow light intensity with (50, 100, and 150) watts of bulb power, and traps with a 50-watt bulb had less influence on adult capture. Molasses with water at 1:9 and molasses with vinegar at 1:3. The mean monthly captured adults/trap had (7.304, 3.018, and 0.041).Fermented palm sugar and water were superior in attracting a significant number of captures as compared to vinegar and molasses. Molasses and vinegar were the least attractive. The conclusion is that bait traps are an attraction and capture, and that collectors and attraction are aids to light traps that capture most adults active at night as the best method to reduce population density, these are the two selected methods and their relationship as integrated pest management methods.
Harith Abdulrahman; Amal Al-Jubouri
Volume 23, Issue 2 , June 2023, Pages 87-97
Abstract
This study was conducted during agricultural season 2021-2022 at the research station of Department of Horticulture and Landscape/ College of Agriculture/ Tikrit University, to study the effect of foliar application of balanced nano-fertilizer and boron on two hybrids of cabbage Brassica oleracea ...
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This study was conducted during agricultural season 2021-2022 at the research station of Department of Horticulture and Landscape/ College of Agriculture/ Tikrit University, to study the effect of foliar application of balanced nano-fertilizer and boron on two hybrids of cabbage Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. The experiment included three factors, the first factor is three concentrations of balanced nano-fertilizer viz, 0, 20 and 30 g L-1 the second factor is spraying of boron at two concentrations namely, 0 and 5 mg L-1. The third factor is using two hybrids namely, Dlal and Globe Master. The experiment was laid out according to Randomized Completed Block Design (R.C.B.D.) With split plot arrangement with three replications. The results showed that, the spraying with boron at 5 mg L-1 concentration led to a significant increase in the total head weight, marketable head weight, head circumference, total plant yield, and nitrate ratio. The hybrid Dlal had highest values in all studied characteristics except the nitrate percentage compared with the hybrid Globe Master.
Yaman Fadhil
Volume 23, Issue 2 , June 2023, Pages 98-105
Abstract
One of the most issues that face the food production industries is the manufacture of healthy food products without synthetic preservatives due to the fact that artificial antibacterial agents and chemical additives could have serious detrimental impacts on people's life quality. Essential oils (EOs) ...
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One of the most issues that face the food production industries is the manufacture of healthy food products without synthetic preservatives due to the fact that artificial antibacterial agents and chemical additives could have serious detrimental impacts on people's life quality. Essential oils (EOs) extracted from various plant origins have received huge attention because of the possible health benefits. Essential oils are complicated combinations made up of numerous distinct chemicals isolated using various methods. Such chemicals demonstrated substantial biological functions like antioxidant and antibacterial activity through a variety of mechanisms, and they are less dangerous and pose no health problems to humans. In this article, we underline the importance of Essential oils such as major ingredients and sources, antibacterial activities, and potential uses in the food sector. The use of natural additives is becoming more common; nonetheless, they may have negative effects on organoleptic properties. As a result, more research is needed to adjust the dosages used to effectively stop the growth of microbes is still needed.
Zeyad Naji; Majid Ali
Volume 23, Issue 2 , June 2023, Pages 106-115
Abstract
The research aimed to identify the level of performance of workers in agricultural extension in Diyala Governorate in general, as well as to identify the level of performance of workers in agricultural extension in the fields of extension work, namely (organization, planning, implementation, evaluation ...
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The research aimed to identify the level of performance of workers in agricultural extension in Diyala Governorate in general, as well as to identify the level of performance of workers in agricultural extension in the fields of extension work, namely (organization, planning, implementation, evaluation and technology transfer) , As well as identifying the correlation between the performance of workers in agricultural extension the number of years of life, the levels of agricultural academic study, and the number of years of extension service .The research population included all agricultural extension workers in the Directorate of Agriculture and Agricultural People and the Extension Center if the number of its employees reached (460) employees .The research showed that the level of performance of agricultural employees in Diyala province is of the average category in general ,There was a contrast in the level of performance of employees in the fields extension work, as it was found that the level of performance of employees in the fields of organization, planning and implementation is average. In the fields of evaluation and technology transfer, performance was average and tended to decline ,The research showed that there is a significant correlation between the level of performance of the respondents, and the variable of the number of years life, the number of years of agricultural academic study, and the number of years of extension service. The researcher recommends the importance of determining the actual extension work of agricultural workers, and holding training courses for agricultural cadres working in the field of agricultural extension to raise the level of their performance, especially in the fields of evaluation and technology transfer , and the need to pay attention to independent variables that have a moral correlation when preparing for job courses.
Ghassan Zaidan; Zakaria Wahab; Sadam Hassan
Volume 23, Issue 2 , June 2023, Pages 128-141
Abstract
This study aims to understand the effect of magnetic field on water properties and plants growth performance. Magnetic water is produced when water is passed through a magnetic field which alters the state of water macromolecules. The changes to physico-chemical properties of magnetized water affect ...
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This study aims to understand the effect of magnetic field on water properties and plants growth performance. Magnetic water is produced when water is passed through a magnetic field which alters the state of water macromolecules. The changes to physico-chemical properties of magnetized water affect the biological properties of organisms. This experiment was conducted at a greenhouse in the Institute Sustainable Agrotechnology (INSAT) experimental farm, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia. It carried out according to Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. The magnetic field was applied on water to evaluate through three different intensities; 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 Tesla, in addition to control treatment (without magnetic) for seedling growth of pumpkin (CV. Labu Loceng) and okra (CV. Bendi Alabama). The morphological study of water and study of seedling height, stem diameter, leaf numbers, seedling weight and dry weight of seedling are researched. The magnetic water at 0.20 Tesla had significantly increases in the leaf number per seedling 6.000 leaf seedling-1 and dry seedling weight 0.5700 g of pumpkin. Meanwhile, the magnetic water at 0.20 Tesla increased significantly in seedling height, stem diameter, leaf number per seedling, seedling weight and dry seedling weight of okra reached to 13.750 cm, 2.677 mm, 5.500 leaf seedling-1, 1.7800 g and 0.3369 g, respectively compared to control.
Helen Dnkha; Omar Fattah
Volume 23, Issue 2 , June 2023, Pages 142-161
Abstract
Using microbial bio fertilizer has been widely used in recent years because it improves the plant growth and nutrients uptake A plastic pot experiment was carried out under plastic house at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Bakrajo, from November 2021 to ...
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Using microbial bio fertilizer has been widely used in recent years because it improves the plant growth and nutrients uptake A plastic pot experiment was carried out under plastic house at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Bakrajo, from November 2021 to May 2022 to study the effect of co-inoculation of bacteria A. brasilense and B. megaterium bio fertilizer and their interaction on growth responses of wheat (Triticum aestivumn L.) at various P levels (0, 40, 80,120, and 160 kg P ha-1). The experiment was performed in a factorial experiment with completed randomized design (CRD) in a silty clay soil with three replications. Before harvesting chlorophyll, intensity was measured, and after that plants were harvested. Results showed that co-inoculation was significantly effect on increasing chlorophyll intensity and plant dry biomass on wheat plant and nutrient uptake. The maximum value was 36.54 spad and 19.82 g pot-1 recorded at (160 kg P ha-1) respectively, while the maximum value of wheat shoot N, and Zn nutrients contend was 27.97 g kg-1 and 45.44 µg g-1 respectively recorded at (160 kg P ha-1), while the maximum value for P, K and Fe was 5.33 g kg-1, 26.43 g kg-1 and 301.74 µg g-1 recorded at (120 kg P ha-1 ). But when the soil inoculated with A. brasilense significantly increased chlorophyll intensity and plant dry biomass compared with control. The maximum value was 28.50 spad and 19.22 g pot-1 recorded at (160 kg P ha-1), while the highest value for wheat shoot N, P, K Fe and Zn nutrients contend were 21.10 g kg-1, 2.80 g kg-1, 15.77 g kg-1, 201.56 µg g-1 and 26.45 µg g-1 respectively recorded at (160 kg P ha-1), and when the soil inoculated with B. megaterium increased chlorophyll intensity and plant dry biomass compared with control. The highest value was 18.50 spad and 16.31 g pot-1 recorded at (160 kg P ha-1). while the maximum value for wheat shoot N, P, K and Fe nutrients were 20.26 g kg-1, 4.43 g kg-1, 17.83 g kg-1 and 276.74 µg g-1 respectively recorded at (160 kg P ha-1), while the maximum value for Zn was 32.85 µg g-1 recorded at (120 kg P ha-1).
Bayan Rahim
Volume 23, Issue 2 , June 2023, Pages 162-170
Abstract
The present study was conducted aiming to determine the effects of different irrigation water sources on some heavy metal uptake by winter crops (Cauliflower and Broccoli). This experiment was laid in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, and three water irrigation sources ...
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The present study was conducted aiming to determine the effects of different irrigation water sources on some heavy metal uptake by winter crops (Cauliflower and Broccoli). This experiment was laid in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, and three water irrigation sources (Clean water, Wastewater, and alternate use of the a clean-water followed by two Wastewater irrigation, under the surface irrigation system, during the growing seasons in 2018-2019. The results showed that Broccoli crops heavy metal uptake (Pb, Cd, Fe and Cu) were significantly higher in broccoli irrigated with clean and waste water sources alternatively (B-W2 Treatment) (0.0250 ± 0.000, 0.0421 ± 0.001, 4.2247 ± 0.001, and 0.1513 ± 0.001),respectively, compared to the rest of other treatments while the lowest concentrations of the studied heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Fe and Cu) recorded in cauliflower irrigated with clean water (C-C1 treatment) (0.0239 ± 0.000, 0.0383 ± 0.001, 4.2077 ± 0.001 and 0.1447 ± 0.001), respectively.
Aymen Hameed; Yassen Abdul-Rahaman; Thafer Mohammed
Volume 23, Issue 2 , June 2023, Pages 171-181
Abstract
The present study was conducted to know the effect of VêO® premium and Vitamin C on productive and reproductive performance of local Iraqi ewes during the heat stress. The study was conducted in a private farm in Fallujah, Al-Anbar province during the period from 6/8/2019 to 8/2/2020. Twenty local ...
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The present study was conducted to know the effect of VêO® premium and Vitamin C on productive and reproductive performance of local Iraqi ewes during the heat stress. The study was conducted in a private farm in Fallujah, Al-Anbar province during the period from 6/8/2019 to 8/2/2020. Twenty local Iraqi ewes were divided randomly into four equal groups. The first group (T1) was given VêO® premium 4 g/ ewe/ day. The second group (T2) was given VêO® premium 2 g/ ewe/ day, the third group (T3) was given Vit. C 40 mg/ ewe/ daily and the fourth group (T4) left without treatment as a control group. The results showed significant (P≤0.05) increase in body weight in the T2 as compared with other treatments. Estrogen were increased (P≤0.05) in T1 and T4 as compared with T2 and T3 at the fourth period. There was significant (P≤0.05) increase in progesterone level in the T2 and T3 during the first period of the experiment, the T4 in the second and fourth period and within all the same treatments. The fourth period within the same treatment increased significantly in the concentration of progesterone levels for T1, T3 and T4. While the third and fourth period showed increase in the level of progesterone for T2. There was a higher estrus rate in the T2 (80%). Fertility rate, conception rate and lambing rate were increased in the T2 and T3. Barrenness rate was decrease in females in T2 and T3. It was concluded from the current study that addition of VêO® premium and Vit. C to the feed of ewes during heat stress was beneficial on body weight and reproductivel performance.
Hassan Hassan; Anas Tawfeeq
Volume 23, Issue 2 , June 2023, Pages 182-189
Abstract
The experiment was carried out during agricultural season 2021, to study the effect of adding two types of silicon on the vegetative growth characteristics and mineral content of mint plant grown under the salt stress. The experiment was designed using Randomized Complete Block Design RCBD as a factorial ...
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The experiment was carried out during agricultural season 2021, to study the effect of adding two types of silicon on the vegetative growth characteristics and mineral content of mint plant grown under the salt stress. The experiment was designed using Randomized Complete Block Design RCBD as a factorial experiment with two factors and three replicates, each replicate contains 9 experimental units, each unit consists 3 pots. The first factor included adding two types of silicon oxide as well as the comparison (S0 control, S1 nano-silicon, and S2 normal silicon); the second factor is salt stress included adding pure NaCl in three concentrations, (N0 0 g L-1, N1 0.45 g L-1and N2 1.45 g L-1). The results of study showed that there are significant differences caused by the experiment factors in number of lateral branches, number of leaves, and total leaf area, as the treatment S2N2 outperformed significantly with highest value of branches number, leaves number, and total leaves area which were 8.60 branches plant-1, 286.80 leaves plant-1, 1211.5 cm2 plant-1 respectively compared with control S0N0 which gave the lowest values; 7.10 branches plant-1, 182.90 leaves plant-1, 643.3 cm2 plant-1 for the same traits. S2N0 treatment was significantly superior in mineral content of NPK in leaves and gave the highest percentages of N 3.30%, P 0.5550%, K 1.96% compared with S0N2 treatment with the lowest percentages of N 2.90%, P 0.4283%, K 1.81%.
Abdullah Mohammed; Brian Baldwin
Volume 23, Issue 2 , June 2023, Pages 190-200
Abstract
An experiment was carried out in a laboratory of the Field Crops Department/College of Agriculture/Tikrit University to study the effect of treating the seeds of five barley varieties (Samir, Amil, Aksad, Alkhayr, Shueae) with four concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 150 mg L-1) of gibberellic acid on percentage ...
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An experiment was carried out in a laboratory of the Field Crops Department/College of Agriculture/Tikrit University to study the effect of treating the seeds of five barley varieties (Samir, Amil, Aksad, Alkhayr, Shueae) with four concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 150 mg L-1) of gibberellic acid on percentage of seed germination, germination vigor, germination speed, shoot length, root length, and total dry weight. The experiment was carried out using a completely randomized design (C.R.D.) with four replicates (Petri dish) for each treatment. The results showed that there were significant differences among the concentrations of gibberellic acid and among the varieties in affecting all the studied traits. Seeds treated with a concentration of (100 mg L-1) of gibberellic acid was superior in all studied traits. Aksad variety was superior to all cultivars in most of the studied traits, which are germination percentage (98.17%), germination vigor (61.83%), germination speed (50.20), and total dry weight (0.04078 g plant-1), while Samir and Shueae were superior in shoot length (19.42 and 19.38 cm), respectively and Samir was superior in the root length (12.79 cm). There was also a significant interaction between cultivars and gibberellic acid concentrations for all studied traits. The interaction of (Samir x 100) was superior to all combinations for all studied traits except dry weight trait, which the interaction (Aksad x 100) was superior.
Jinan Bazzaz; Nidhal Yakub; Ghazy Hammad
Volume 23, Issue 2 , June 2023, Pages 201-208
Abstract
The diet is the main rout of exposer of heavy metals; therefore the evaluation of these metals in human’s dietary intake is important. The study examined the concentration of some residues of heavy metals (copper, Arsenic and Lead ) in different poultry products such as chicken frozen thigh and breast ...
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The diet is the main rout of exposer of heavy metals; therefore the evaluation of these metals in human’s dietary intake is important. The study examined the concentration of some residues of heavy metals (copper, Arsenic and Lead ) in different poultry products such as chicken frozen thigh and breast muscle originating from Brazil and Turkey, Etimad and Shemal local company chicken frozen thigh and breast muscle, local quail frozen thigh and breast muscle as well as local quail eggs. The results of the study indicated that the highest concentrations of Copper (Co) and Arsenic ( As) were found in Brazilian frozen thigh and breast muscles compared with other products. However, the concentrations of these metals were within permissible and safe for human consumption. Lead (Pb) concentrations chicken frozen thigh and breast muscle originating from Brazil was found to be high (p≤0.05) and above permissible level than chicken and quail frozen meat as well as eggs.
Zainab Al-Talabani; Amer Al-Azzawi
Volume 23, Issue 2 , June 2023, Pages 209-223
Abstract
This study was done at the college of Veterinary Medicine, University of Diyala, from September 2021 to April 2022 to assess the seroprevalence and molecular detection of avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N8 in layer chickens. All samples came from 8 commercial flocks of layer chickens. Clinical sings included, ...
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This study was done at the college of Veterinary Medicine, University of Diyala, from September 2021 to April 2022 to assess the seroprevalence and molecular detection of avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N8 in layer chickens. All samples came from 8 commercial flocks of layer chickens. Clinical sings included, severe respiratory infection with enlargement of the head, neck, and prominent edema of the face, followed by excessive lacrimation, sinusitis, severe rales, and cyanosis in all parts of unfeather skin predominantly the wattles comb, and the legs. In this regard, ELISA was used as a serological test and RT-PCR as a molecular detection technique. Accordingly, (364) serum samples from 8 probable AIV (H5N8) infected layer farms were collected and subjected to ELISA test using commercial kit that specific for IgG antibodies to AIV H5N8. The results showed a significant increase of IgG antibodies in such serum samples at days 70 and 200 of age. According to the instruction manual of ELISA kit manufacturer and to mean titers of layers of present study, all farms are infected with AIVH5N8 strain. However, at the age of 200 days, 48 postmortem tissue samples including trachea, lung and liver of affected birds were collected from clinically and sub-clinically infected flocks from all farms. These samples were processed, RNA extracted and submitted to RT-PCR using specific primers for H5N8 strain. The results showed that 32 out of the 48 tissue samples (66.6%) tested positive for H5N8.The resulted Amplicon (320bp) was commercially sequenced and analyzed. The sequencing of the local AIV H5N8 revealed a 99% sequence identity with the reference sequences. The detected strain was registered in GenBank data (NCBI) under acc.number ON247929.1. Phylogenetic tree for locally detected virus in comparison to data from of NCBI was created and showed that the investigated S1(ON247929.1, AIV (A/laying hens/Iraq/(H5N8) segment 4 hemagglutinin (HA) gene, partial cds, local sample is closely related to reference isolates from the NCBI acc. no. of MW961428.1, MW961444.1, MW961476.1, MW961436.,1 and MW961484.1. These strains of the Influenza H5 virus have been deposited from Nigeria.
Ahmed Musrhed; Ayad Khalaf; Mohamed Ferhan; Ibrahim Ortas
Volume 23, Issue 2 , June 2023, Pages 224-234
Abstract
This study aimed assessing the land degradation status of some soil series of the North Tikrit Agricultural Project using remote sensing data. Part of the project area (246,555) km2 was selected based on variations in soil characteristics and agricultural crops. The study area is located between the ...
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This study aimed assessing the land degradation status of some soil series of the North Tikrit Agricultural Project using remote sensing data. Part of the project area (246,555) km2 was selected based on variations in soil characteristics and agricultural crops. The study area is located between the longitudes of 43˚ 12′ 30ʹʹ and 43˚ 27′ 30ʹʹ E and the latitudes of 35˚ 15′ 00ʹʹ and 35˚ 0′ 00ʹʹ N. This project area includes five soil series: Hatra, Jareesh, Safa, Seneyah, and Shurqat. Forty-four soil samples covering these five soil series were collected from the surface layer (0-30 cm). The chemical properties of these samples were determined, including pH, Electric Conductivity (EC), calcium carbonate content, gypsum content, cation exchange capacity, and organic matter content. Two Landsat satellite images were employed for calculation of soil and vegetation spectral indices. One of these two images was acquired on 15 June, 2002 while the other was acquired on 25 June, 2022. The spectral indices of concern encircled three vegetation indices (Advanced Vegetation Index (AVI), Specific Leaf Area Vegetation Index (SLAVI), and Structure Insensitive Pigment Index (SIPI)) and three soil spectral indices (Bare Soil Index (BSI), Modified Bare Soil Index (MBSI), and Normalized Difference Bare Soil Index (NDBSI)). The results show that there are variations in the values of the various computed soil and vegetation spectral indices during the two study periods and that the values were, in general, lower in 2022 than in 2002. It was found that the soils were degraded and that, consequently, the plant density declined during the study period. This had negative impacts on the fertility and productivity of the soils in the study area. The results also showed differences in the soil spectral reflectivity curves, especially at the wavelengths of water absorption; 1.4, 1.9, and 2.2 μm, due to the presence of gypsum at high concentrations in the soils.
Safaa Bilal; Ayad Khorsheed
Volume 23, Issue 2 , June 2023, Pages 235-245
Abstract
A current study was included the separation and diagnosis of a number of volatile oils components from the seeds and the peels of a fruit from the Iraqi Citrullus colocynthis ( L. ) Schrad Plant , by using Clevenger apparatus for light compounds and the results were confirmed ...
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A current study was included the separation and diagnosis of a number of volatile oils components from the seeds and the peels of a fruit from the Iraqi Citrullus colocynthis ( L. ) Schrad Plant , by using Clevenger apparatus for light compounds and the results were confirmed by using GLC technique .The volatile compounds were identified which included the following : (α-pinene, Limonene, Camphene, Carvacrol, Camphor, Pcymene, Terpinene, Linalool, Menthol, Sabinen and phellanodrene). Terpinene was the highest compound concentration in the seeds and peels %(12.14,16.58) respectively , whereas the lowest concentration in the seeds and peels was Menthol (0.08,0.14) % respectively. The study was also included studying the antioxidant effect of volatile oil separated from the seeds and peels at different concentrations and compared them with the ascorbic acid as a control sample, it was observed that the separated volatile oils from the peels were significantly superior of the free radical inhibition of DPPH (76.1,76.8) % at a concentration (300, 400) Mg.ml–1 respectively compared to the separated volatile oils from seeds.
Wajnaa Saad Faisal; Sadam Mohamad Hassan; Najlaa Salah Madlul; Muhammad Aliyu Sulaiman; Abdalbast H. Fadel
Volume 23, Issue 2 , June 2023, Pages 246-256
Abstract
The experiment was conducted in the animal production field, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, for the period from 14/6/2022 to 14/8/2022 inside a semi-exposed building with three treatments. Each treatment included three replicates, and each replicate included (6) fish in a closed bio-aquatic ...
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The experiment was conducted in the animal production field, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, for the period from 14/6/2022 to 14/8/2022 inside a semi-exposed building with three treatments. Each treatment included three replicates, and each replicate included (6) fish in a closed bio-aquatic system, by weight 13.75±1.09, a filtration tank representing the mechanical and biological filter in an intensive aquatic system with a capacity of 100 liters each, two aquatic plants were grown Water thyme (Hydrilla Verticillata), Torpedo grass (Panicum Repens), except for the control treatment, which was similar to all treatments except for the presence of aquatic plants. The water was treated in a mechanical filter unit through sponge layer, then directing the water to the biological treatment by means of crushed gravel, in addition to the aquatic plants to filter the dissolved organic pollutants. The results showed a significant effect of aquatic plants at (p ≤0.05) on pH, Cloredait (Cl) nitrate (NO3,) nitrite (NO2), and ammonia. Water properties reflect to the biological system of organisms. There was a significant improvement in gain weight (G.W), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed conversion efficiency (FCR) for treatments T2 and T3 compared with control treatment. While, the result of the correlation or interactions between water characteristics with growth parameters for Common carp fish showed significant effects at (P ≤0.05) and (P ≤0.01) level.
Marwa Mahmood Abed; Riadh Abas Abdul Jabar
Volume 23, Issue 2 , June 2023, Pages 257-270
Abstract
The study carried out to evaluate some of the physical and chemical properties of the ground water samples from west of Alshirqat district, Salaheddin province, IRAQ. Six wells selected, sample of water collected every month for 6 months (October,2021 – March 2022). In each sample electric conductivity ...
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The study carried out to evaluate some of the physical and chemical properties of the ground water samples from west of Alshirqat district, Salaheddin province, IRAQ. Six wells selected, sample of water collected every month for 6 months (October,2021 – March 2022). In each sample electric conductivity (EC), pH, total dissolved solid (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total hardness (TH), calcium hardness (Ca H), magnesium hardness (Mg H), sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), and sulphate (SO4), were measured monthly. The results of ground water samples range of EC is (1308-6030) µ siemens, pH is (6.99- 7.95),TDS is (947-2670 mg./l), DO is (4- 6.7mg/l), BOD is (0.4-2.6 mg/l), TH is (500- 3200 mg/l ), CaH is (300- 2000 mg/l) , Mg H is (20 -1800 mg/l), Na is (50- 2100 mg/l), K is (0.1- 7.2 mg/l), CL is (133.12- 2485mg/l), SO4 is (12.71-375.6 mg/l ) subsequently. The ground water in west of Alshirqat, Salaheddin, Iraq, contain very high level of total dissolved solid, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, sodium, chloride, and sulphate. The ground water is unsuitable to human consumption and domestic uses, for animal uses, irrigation except plant resistant to salinity, and many industries.
