Omar Almohammedi; Yasir Sekhi; Mukhalad Ismail
Volume 23, Issue 1 , March 2023, Pages 158-167
Abstract
Nanotechnology is one of the strategies that have the ability to achieve sustainable agriculture, and it is a promising opportunity in the field of sustainability and the provision of food security and fertilizers in general, important in terms ...
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Nanotechnology is one of the strategies that have the ability to achieve sustainable agriculture, and it is a promising opportunity in the field of sustainability and the provision of food security and fertilizers in general, important in terms of agricultural production, whether quantitative or qualitative. Despite the availability of various mineral, chelated or organic fertilizer sources for these nutrients and the presence of various methods of addition, the efficiency of using these fertilizers does not exceed 5% of the additive. Therefore, it is preferable to reduce the loss of nutrients through fertilization and work to increase the growth and productivity of crops through the use of nanotechnology and nano_materials through the use of alternative, environmentally friendly and very effective fertilizers called nano-fertilizers. They are materials that contain nutrients or essential and useful plant nutrients prepared in nano-sizes and loaded or coated with materials that make them more efficient, especially when added to the soil. Nanoscience is one of the modern sciences that is concerned with the study of materials on the nanoscale 10-9 meters from 1-100 nanometers and they are called nanomaterials, its physical and chemical properties are different from those when it is in conventional dimensions of more than 100 nanometers, it has physicochemical properties that are fundamentally different compared to its ordinary materials. Different types can be produced from them, and their chemical composition as well as the size and shape of the particles controls their main characteristics.
Mahbuba Mustafa; Shayda Muhammed
Volume 23, Issue 1 , March 2023, Pages 1-11
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the benefit of magnetically treated water (MTW) using in Awassi ewe’s farm during pre- and post-partum on lactating and some blood biochemical traits determination. This experiment was carried out in a private sheep raising sector, from September to December ...
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the benefit of magnetically treated water (MTW) using in Awassi ewe’s farm during pre- and post-partum on lactating and some blood biochemical traits determination. This experiment was carried out in a private sheep raising sector, from September to December of 2021. Twenty-four Awassi ewes at 120-d of gestation, age 2.5-3-year, live weight of 50-55 kg, the ewes were distributed on four treatments: T0 the control (served drinking well water), T1 (magnetized water by using a device at strength 2000 gauss), T2 (magnetized water by using a device at strength 4000 gauss) and T3 (magnetized water by using a device at strength 6000 gauss).The results of using magnetically treated water led to increasing milk yield, improving milk physical (freezing point, PH) and chemical (fat, protein, lactose, SNF) characteristics, also improving the blood biochemical parameters concentration (total protein, HDL, oxidative enzyme LDH- Lactate dehydrogenase), however the MTW treatments led to decreasing the concentration of (creatinine, RBS (Glucose), total cholesterol (TCH), LDL and triglycerides (TG), enzymes: AST, ALT and ALP) concentrations at both pre- and post-partum periods in the all treatments of MTW compared with control T0. Finally, the results of 6000 gauss treated water show separatory then 4000 gauss in all parameters of the study.
Yaman Fadhil
Volume 23, Issue 1 , March 2023, Pages 67-74
Abstract
One of the most issues that face the food production industries is the manufacture of healthy food products without synthetic preservatives due to the fact that artificial antibacterial agents and chemical additives could have serious detrimental impacts on people's life quality. Essential oils (EOs) ...
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One of the most issues that face the food production industries is the manufacture of healthy food products without synthetic preservatives due to the fact that artificial antibacterial agents and chemical additives could have serious detrimental impacts on people's life quality. Essential oils (EOs) extracted from various plant origins have received huge attention because of the possible health benefits. Essential oils are complicated combinations made up of numerous distinct chemicals isolated using various methods. Such chemicals demonstrated substantial biological functions like antioxidant and antibacterial activity through a variety of mechanisms, and they are less dangerous and pose no health problems to humans. In this article, we underline the importance of Essential oils such as major ingredients and sources, antibacterial activities, and potential uses in the food sector. The use of natural additives is becoming more common; nonetheless, they may have negative effects on organoleptic properties. As a result, more research is needed to adjust the dosages used to effectively stop the growth of microbes is still needed.
Farhan Aljubory; Samawal ALTikrety
Volume 23, Issue 1 , March 2023, Pages 12-16
Abstract
This study was conducted in the poultry farm of the Department of Animal Production-College of Agriculture, Tikrit University from 21/10 to 23/12/2021. The aimed to study the effect of plumage colour and housing systems on the egg specific characteristics of Japanese quail. A total ...
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This study was conducted in the poultry farm of the Department of Animal Production-College of Agriculture, Tikrit University from 21/10 to 23/12/2021. The aimed to study the effect of plumage colour and housing systems on the egg specific characteristics of Japanese quail. A total of 180 quail at age 21 days were divided into two groups according to feather color, each group divided into two treatments, each treatment was divided into three replicates (15 birds per replicate), and the sex ratio was (2:1). The results of the study showed that there were no significant differences between the study in the weight of egg , weight of the shell , egg shape index , Albumin index, yolk index , and the superiority of black quail in the thickness of the shell and Hue unit, the superiority of the quail raised in cages.
Mahbuba Mustafa; Sazan Hussein
Volume 23, Issue 1 , March 2023, Pages 17-24
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the effect of adding ginkgo biloba (GB) and curcumin extracts in rabbit drinking water, as growth promoter, serum biochemistry, antioxidant enzyme activities and immunoglobin statues. A total of 40 New Zealand White rabbit (NZW) at 5 weeks of age assigned to 4 ...
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This study was performed to investigate the effect of adding ginkgo biloba (GB) and curcumin extracts in rabbit drinking water, as growth promoter, serum biochemistry, antioxidant enzyme activities and immunoglobin statues. A total of 40 New Zealand White rabbit (NZW) at 5 weeks of age assigned to 4 treatments with four replicates. Gingko biloba (T2) and Curcumin extracts (T3) and their mix (T4) had no significantly differences among all treatments in initial weight, feed and water intake, also in body temperature. While, body weight and body weight gain had significantly (P≤0.05) increased in the all groups of water additive compared with control (T1). As well as FCR (feed conversion ratio) had significantly (P≤0.05) improved in the treatments T2, T3 and T4, compared with the control group T1. Otherwise, the heart rate (beat) was significantly (P≤0.01) decreased in the treatments respectively compared with the control T1. Quite good results were achieved that approve the curcumin and ginkgo biloba extract has a direct influence on the production and blood parameter, improve immunoglobins and antioxidant enzymes concentrations in blood serum.
Hisham Mandalawi
Volume 23, Issue 1 , March 2023, Pages 25-32
Abstract
We studied the effect of inclusion crude protein (CP) and energy concentration in the diet on growth performance, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) traits, and carcass weight in broilers from 0 to 42 d of age. The experimental design was completely randomized with six diets combined as a 2 x 3 factorial with ...
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We studied the effect of inclusion crude protein (CP) and energy concentration in the diet on growth performance, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) traits, and carcass weight in broilers from 0 to 42 d of age. The experimental design was completely randomized with six diets combined as a 2 x 3 factorial with two levels of CP (20 vs. 22%) and three levels of energy (2900, 3000, and 3100 kcal/kg). Each treatment was 4 replicate and the experimental unit was a pen with 20 birds. All diets were based on corn, soybean meal, wheat, and included sunflower oil. For the entire experiment, the inclusion of CP in the diet did not affect growth performance and the other variables studied. From 0 to 42 d of age, increase energy concentration up to 3100 kcal/kg in diet tended to reduce average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P = 0.053) and improve feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P < 0.01) than energy concentration at level of 2900 kcal/kg. However, average daily gain (ADG) was not affect. Most of the benefits of increase energy concentration on broiler growth was observed from 14 to 21 d and 28 to 35 d of age, a period in which energy concentration improved ADFI and FCR (P < 0.01), respectively. On d 42, increase energy levels in the diet did not affect GIT or carcass relative weight, except for the liver relative weight was heavier (P < 0.05) when intermedia energy concentration 3000 kcal/kg was included in the diet. It is concluded that energy concentration were well utilized by broilers, at level of inclusion.
Omar Saleh; Mahfoodh Abdullah
Volume 23, Issue 1 , March 2023, Pages 33-43
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to explore the efficacy of glycerol on growth performance and carcass quality characteristics in Awassi lambs. Twelve Awassi lambs were used with an average body weight of 24.43 ±0.43 kg. The animals were randomly assigned into three groups (4 lambs for each group ...
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This experiment was conducted to explore the efficacy of glycerol on growth performance and carcass quality characteristics in Awassi lambs. Twelve Awassi lambs were used with an average body weight of 24.43 ±0.43 kg. The animals were randomly assigned into three groups (4 lambs for each group ) The first group of lambs was considered as a control, whereas the second and the third treatment lambs were supplemented with two levels of glycerol oil(30 and 60 gm/day for each group lambs, respectively). The results revealed the following: The third treatment lambs had significantly higher - final live and empty body weights than the control group lambs. Significant differences between the second and third treatments were lambs over that of the control group lambs were obtained for the hot and cold carcass weights together with the dressing percentage calculated on the bases of an empty body weight.
The fat thickness covering the eye muscle of treatment three was significantly higher than that of the control group. The weights of primal lamb cuts for the shoulder and the rib of the second and third treatments were significantly preferable as compared to the control group. lambs. Besides, the leg cut in treatment three showed a significantly higher value than that of the control group. The secondary cuts including brisket and neck for the second and third treatments were significantly higher than that of the control group. The physical dissection of the ribs(rack)cut showed significant differences between the second treatment and the control group lambs for the lean meat %. Besides, the fat% of the second treatment lambs surpassed significantly that of the control group lambs. Fat % between treatments exceeds significantly that of the control group. The percentage of fat between the second and third treatment were not significantly different.
Zhila Majeed; Nidhal Mustafa
Volume 23, Issue 1 , March 2023, Pages 44-50
Abstract
Adding aromatic oils (Miarom) in drinking water of broiler breeder was evaluated experimentally of its effect on hatchability percentage, immunity, Lipid profile, and biochemical traits at different laying times (10:00 AM and 02:00 PM). A total of 3600 eggs of broiler breeder (Ross-308) at age 60 weeks, ...
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Adding aromatic oils (Miarom) in drinking water of broiler breeder was evaluated experimentally of its effect on hatchability percentage, immunity, Lipid profile, and biochemical traits at different laying times (10:00 AM and 02:00 PM). A total of 3600 eggs of broiler breeder (Ross-308) at age 60 weeks, were collected and divided into 5 treatments of different times of egg collection and laying times as follows: (T1: General Control, T2: Control 10:00 AM, T3: Control 02:00 PM, T4: Miarom 10:00 AM and T5: Miarom 02:00 PM). Results indicated the used Miarom from Miavit company - Germany (this extract contains: 200 grams essential oils mixture such as eucalyptus oil, anise oil, thyme oil, and peppermint oil) per litter it added in drinking water 1ml/10L for 7 days. The results of this study showed (p≤0.01) increased in hatching traits percentage, chick’s antibody titer against Newcastle Disease (ND) and Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) by ELISA, high-density lipoprotein HDL, total protein and glutathione GSH-Px antioxidant enzyme. Also, significantly (p≤0.01) reduced infertile eggs, triglycerides TG, total cholesterol TCH, low-density lipoprotein LDL, corticosterone hormone, and malondialdehyde antioxidant enzyme. In conclusion, results showed that aromatic oils supplementation in broiler breeders leads to improve hatchability and immune status at different laying times, noticed that both Miarom treatments had a positive effect on studied parameters and T4 10:00 AM laying time was most effective in all parameters of the study.
Qais Omer; Nidhal Mustafa
Volume 23, Issue 1 , March 2023, Pages 51-58
Abstract
Organic Acids (BacterActive) spraying and dipping on hatching eggs were evaluated experimentally for their effect on embryonic mortality, hatchability, chick quality, immunity, and eggshell bacterial count. A total of 6300 hatching eggs of broiler breeder (Ross-308) at age 58 weeks, were collected and ...
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Organic Acids (BacterActive) spraying and dipping on hatching eggs were evaluated experimentally for their effect on embryonic mortality, hatchability, chick quality, immunity, and eggshell bacterial count. A total of 6300 hatching eggs of broiler breeder (Ross-308) at age 58 weeks, were collected and divided to 7 treatments as follows: (T1: General Control, T2: Dipping Water, T3: Spray Water, T4: Dipping and spraying water, T5: Dipping organic acid, T6:spray Organic Acid, T7:dipping-spray organic acid ) Results indicated that using Organic acid (BacterActive) a synergetic blend of formic – propionic - lactic acids applied in a spraying manner with a concentration of 1ml/l significantly (p≤0.01) increased hatching traits, chick quality, and chicks’ antibody titer against Newcastle Disease (ND) and Infectious Bronchitis (IB) also organic acid application significantly reduced embryonic mortality and eggshell total bacterial count in all treatments. while T6 showed the best result among all treatments that used organic acid and T5 showed the lowest value. among control group T3 had the best overall result while T1 shows least favorable result of all treatments. A special note to take in consideration is that dipping eggs in water T2 had least impact on embryonic death. In conclusion results showed that organic acids application via spraying, dipping, and dipping-spraying in broiler breeders leads to significant improvement of hatchability, chick quality and immune status while decreasing embryonic mortality and eggshell total bacterial count.
Mahmmoud Khalid; Aslam Alwan
Volume 23, Issue 1 , March 2023, Pages 59-66
Abstract
This study was carried out in the sheep field of the Department of Animal Production / College of Agriculture - Tikrit University for a period from 25/10/2021 to 2/1/2022 (70 days), preceded by a 14-day preliminary period to acclimatize the lamb to concentrated feed. In the sixteenth month, Awassi ...
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This study was carried out in the sheep field of the Department of Animal Production / College of Agriculture - Tikrit University for a period from 25/10/2021 to 2/1/2022 (70 days), preceded by a 14-day preliminary period to acclimatize the lamb to concentrated feed. In the sixteenth month, Awassi lambs aged 4-5 months were used from local trade, the initial weight was adjusted (25.350 ± 2.25) kg, the experiment was divided into two periods (0-35 days, 36-70 days) respectively . Study The results of this study are as follows: There are significant differences in efficiency for the second, third fourth and treatments (P≤0.05) on the first treatment. food conversion. It was in those qualities. Adding a mixture of (Cr-Met and Zn-Met) led to a significant (P≤0.05) increase in insulin concentration over the rest of the treatments, while the first treatment recorded a significant (P≤0.05) increase in cortisol concentration in lambs’ blood over the rest of the treatments. Significantly (P≤0.05) the two treatments (T2 and T3) over the rest of the treatments in the concentration of thyroxine (TSH), and the addition of Cr-Met recorded a significant increase (P≤0.05) over the rest of the treatments in the concentration of thyroxine (T4). It was noticed a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in the treatments (T2, T3, T4) compared to the control treatment (T1) in the concentration of threonine (T3). The length of the treatment period and the interaction between the periods and the treatments had a significant effect on these characteristics.
Muhammud Ali; Hurea Abdulrazaq
Volume 23, Issue 1 , March 2023, Pages 75-84
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to assess the impacts of adding various levels of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) on broiler production efficiency and ileal microflora. Five treatments, consisting of 90 ROSS (308) broiler chicks each, were created from a total of 450 broiler chicks that were ...
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The aim of the current study was to assess the impacts of adding various levels of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) on broiler production efficiency and ileal microflora. Five treatments, consisting of 90 ROSS (308) broiler chicks each, were created from a total of 450 broiler chicks that were one day old. Each therapy was applied three times (30 chicks per replicate).The experiment included five treatments: a control diet without coriander, a control diet supplemented with four levels of coriander powder (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8%). After 21 days, the value of final weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were increased significantly in the birds received diet that contained coriander compared with control. However, this trend was not significant in the day 35 and day 42 of experiment. These findings suggested that synthetic antibiotics might be replaced in poultry diets by natural feed additives and growth enhancers like coriander powder.
Rayan Meshaan; Thamer Khalil
Volume 23, Issue 1 , March 2023, Pages 85-93
Abstract
Science and industry are very interested in alternative pasteurization and sterilizing methods, like the direct electrical effect. An experimental batch ohmic heating unit was built and manufactured for this study. Our goal is to design and build batch Ohmic heating equipment that ensures adequate pasteurization ...
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Science and industry are very interested in alternative pasteurization and sterilizing methods, like the direct electrical effect. An experimental batch ohmic heating unit was built and manufactured for this study. Our goal is to design and build batch Ohmic heating equipment that ensures adequate pasteurization of whole cow’s milk while also looking into the electrical phenomena that occur throughout the process. Ohmic and conventional heating technology were used to heat cow’s milk from 15 to 72°C. The temperature increased when ohmic heating was applied with varying voltage gradients (6.08, 9.56, and 19.13 V/cm), resulting in a substantial decrease (p≤ 0.05) in the heating time for milk pasteurization. The current that flows through the sample was higher at higher voltage gradients, which led to a quicker accumulation of heat. The change in electric current during ohmic heating of the milk is only dependent on the electrical conductivity when the voltage is constant. Ohmic heating induced a significant (p≤0.05) increase in system performance coefficient (SPC) values with increasing voltage gradients, resulting in heating rates (°C/minute).
Sameer Alrawi; Naglaa AL-abide; Harith Buniya
Volume 23, Issue 1 , March 2023, Pages 94-102
Abstract
The current study aims to identify morphological and anatomical characteristics of the stems and leaves of some species of the genus Suaeda Belongs to (Amaranthaceae) grown in the western province of Anbar Governorate – Iraq. The period of collecting data started from 15-8-2020 ...
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The current study aims to identify morphological and anatomical characteristics of the stems and leaves of some species of the genus Suaeda Belongs to (Amaranthaceae) grown in the western province of Anbar Governorate – Iraq. The period of collecting data started from 15-8-2020 to 15-9-2021. Seven species were collected: Suaeda egyptiaca, Suaeda altissima, Suaeda carnosissma, Suaeda fruticosa, Suaeda monoica, Suaeda vera, and Suaeda vermiculata. The collection practice was laid out at the flowering stage. After the laboratory samples are investigated based on the available sources of Iraqi, Saudi, Iranian, and Turkish flora and using the herbal specimens found in the Iraqi National Herbarium, the results of the current study show that there are differences in the size of pollen (polar and equatorial axes). In addition, all studied species are shown to be small to medium in size and were characterized by their spherical to oval shape. As for the anatomical results, they show the importance of the characteristics of stems and leaves and the possibility of using them in identifying the types of one species.
Bakhan Qadir; Shuela Sheikh-Abdullah
Volume 23, Issue 1 , March 2023, Pages 103-111
Abstract
This study conducted to investigate the effect of organic manure and different levels of Mn on the wheat growth and yield at two different soil orders (Mollisols and Vertisol) in Sulaimani-Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Pot experiments was conducted during (November 12th, 2021 ...
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This study conducted to investigate the effect of organic manure and different levels of Mn on the wheat growth and yield at two different soil orders (Mollisols and Vertisol) in Sulaimani-Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Pot experiments was conducted during (November 12th, 2021 to May 10th, 2022), two rate of organic manure (0 and 2) % of (sheep manure) and five different levels of Mn (0,5,10,15 and 20) mg Kg-1 as MnSO4.H2O were used to the soil. The experiment was carried out using a factorial complete randomized design (CRD) in Triplicate. Growth characters, reproductive, and total dry matter were evaluated. The result showed that application organic manure and Mn were affected on the growth characters of wheat, except plant height (cm) and flag leaf area (cm2). While all reproductive characters were significantly affected with the fertilizer application. Total dry matter increased with application of organic manure and Mn levels in both soil orders. In Vertisol, total dry matter superior (40.813 %) from the most other application levels.
Mamoon Altaee; Rand Altaee
Volume 23, Issue 1 , March 2023, Pages 112-119
Abstract
A laboratory study was conducted in the laboratory of the Department of Soil Science and Water Resources in Agriculture and Forestry College and in the Faculty of Environment laboratory with the aim of showing the effect of temperature on the activity and effectiveness of the phosphatase enzyme and the ...
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A laboratory study was conducted in the laboratory of the Department of Soil Science and Water Resources in Agriculture and Forestry College and in the Faculty of Environment laboratory with the aim of showing the effect of temperature on the activity and effectiveness of the phosphatase enzyme and the calculation of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters (maximum velocity Vmax and concentration of the subject substance Km) and for the sake of So, it was soil chosen from Zawita forest, with sandy clay loam texture under the cover of pine trees. The soil was treated with different concentrations of Substrate subject to the enzyme (0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1) molar and under the influence of different temperatures (10,20,30,40,50) Cᵒ.The results showed. A clear effect of the subject substance on the activity of the enzyme, as the enzyme effectiveness increased with the increase of the added concentrations of the substance. The highest efficacy value for alkaline enzyme phosphatase was V / [S] (0.6) µg P-nitrophenol gm-1. Hr-1, which resulted from the effect of concentration (100) mmol of the subject substance. While the lowest alkaline phosphatase enzyme effectiveness value V / [S] was (0.2) µg P-nitrophenol gm-1. Hr-1, which resulted from the effect of the lowest concentration of the subject substance (12.5) mmol. The results indicated thatV max value of amounted to (227.27) µg P-nitrophenol gm-1. Hr -1. while the value of Km amounted to (38.52) mmuler. The results showed an increase in enzyme phosphatase activity by increasing the incubation temperature at concentration (0.05) molar of the substrate, the highest value of the activity of the enzyme phosphatase reached V (155.47) mg P-nitrophenol gm -1 hr -1, which occurred from soil incubation at The highest temperature used in the study is (50) Cᵒ, as it was observed that the values of phosphatase enzyme effectiveness continued to increase until the highest temperature used in the study.
Abdulateef Ajboory; Ehsan Al-Douri
Volume 23, Issue 1 , March 2023, Pages 120-129
Abstract
The experiment was conducted in the lath house of Hawija Horticultural Station/ Horticulture Department/ Ministry of Agriculture, during the 2021 growing season on one-year-old of the lemon Transplants. (local species). This study conducted to compare the effect of some sources of iron and zinc and their ...
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The experiment was conducted in the lath house of Hawija Horticultural Station/ Horticulture Department/ Ministry of Agriculture, during the 2021 growing season on one-year-old of the lemon Transplants. (local species). This study conducted to compare the effect of some sources of iron and zinc and their interaction on the vegetative growth characteristics of lemon Tranplants. The experiment included two factors: iron sources at four levels (control, ferrous sulfate, chelated iron, nano-iron), and zinc with four levels as well (control, zinc sulfate, chelated zinc, and nano-zinc).The Transplants were sprayed three times during the growing season with the two components from their different sources at a concentration of 50 mg L-1. The experiment was carried out according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replicates. The data were collected and analyzed statistically and the averages were compared by Duncan's multiple range test at 0.05 probability level. The results showed that spraying with ferrous sulfate led to a significant increase in percent of seedling height,and spraying with chelated iron gave significant superiority in increase percent of stem diameter, and leaf thickness,and spraying with nano iron achieved the highest values in the one leaf area, and the total leaves area which outperformed significantly compared with control treatment. Spraying with chelated zinc gave the largest total leaves area of the seedling, while spraying with nano-zinc gave the highest percentage of increase in stem diameter, seedling height, one leaf area of the seedling, and leaf thickness. Regarding for the interaction,Transplant treated with chelated iron and nano-zinc gave the highest values in the percentage of increase in stem diameter,single leaf area,and leaf thickness.The treatment of the interaction between ferrous sulfate and nano-zinc gave the highest value for the percentage of increase in the seedling height, while the highest value of the total leaves area of the seedling was with the interaction treatment for both nanoparticles of iron and zinc.
Hawar Halshoy; Ayub Mahmood; Ghwncha Tofiq
Volume 23, Issue 1 , March 2023, Pages 130-140
Abstract
By offering biostimulants as substitutes for conventional chemical fertilization, increasing consumer awareness has helped to raise issues related to food safety and the environment. Creating a suitable plan for the deployment of conventional chemical fertilization alternatives in agriculture. So, this ...
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By offering biostimulants as substitutes for conventional chemical fertilization, increasing consumer awareness has helped to raise issues related to food safety and the environment. Creating a suitable plan for the deployment of conventional chemical fertilization alternatives in agriculture. So, this investigation was conducted at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region-Iraq to study the effect of two plant biostimulants, algae extract (Algaton-20) and plant bio-cozyme, on broccoli which was under greenhouse conditions. After two weeks from transplanting the biostimulants were applied through soil at different concentrations (0 ml.L-1, 1ml.L-1 and 2 ml.L-1). The experiment was laid out according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The results revealed that algae extract and bio-cozyme at 2 ml.L-1 gave the maximum number lateral head, lateral head weight, plant yield, total marketable yield, phosphorus and iron. The interaction effect of algae extracts and bio-cozyme showed that number of leaves per plant and head diameter at 1 ml.L-1 algae extract and bio-cozyme, percentage of dry matter at 1 ml.L-1 algae extract without bio-cozyme, content of chlorophyll in leaves and number lateral head at 1 ml.L-1 algae extract and 2 ml.L-1 bio-cozyme, and head diameter at 1 ml.L-1 of both algae extract and bio-cozyme were the best. Also, main head weight, lateral head weight, plant yield, total marketable yield and iron (674.46 g, 208.58 g, 883.04 g, 42.05 ton.ha-1, 5.36 ppm, respectively) were the highest at 2 ml.L-1 combination of the two biostimulants. Moreover, nitrate and potassium (134.67 ppm, 336.13 ppm, respectively) were maximum at 2 ml.L-1 algae extract and 1 ml.L-1 bio-cozyme. Individually, 2 ml.L-1 of the two biostimulants were the best concentrations, but there was no a big difference between 1 and 2 ml.L-1 of the two biostimulants when they interacted together in most study measurements.
Ghassan J. Z.; Ammar Saeed; Zakaria Wahab; Zakaria Wahab
Volume 23, Issue 1 , March 2023, Pages 141-157
Abstract
To ascertain the best possible method for deed treatment that would enable germination and seedling growth of Mucuna bracteata, the experiment was carried out at the experimental farm of Institute of sustainable Agro technology, University Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia. The design of ...
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To ascertain the best possible method for deed treatment that would enable germination and seedling growth of Mucuna bracteata, the experiment was carried out at the experimental farm of Institute of sustainable Agro technology, University Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia. The design of the experiment was based on the Completely Randomised Design and it consisted of four replications. The results of the experiment indicated that when the seeds are treated in a blender for 2 minutes, it considerably improves the speed of germination, percentage of germination, mean daily germination, fresh shoot, dry shoot weight, and shoot to root fresh weight ratio. On the other hand, when the seeds were soaked in H2SO4 for 30 minutes, there was an improvement in the total fresh weight, mean germination time, dry root weight and total plant dry weight. When the seeds were treated in a blender for 4 minutes, it substantially improved the germination value, the peak value, and the total number of leaves per plant.
Hussein Janabi; Majed Ali
Volume 23, Issue 1 , March 2023, Pages 168-178
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the knowledge level of grape growers with the most important tree service operations and the outcome in Ishaqi sub-district | Salah al-Din governorate in general, and to determine the correlation between the knowledge level of grape growers and some independent variables, ...
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The study aimed to determine the knowledge level of grape growers with the most important tree service operations and the outcome in Ishaqi sub-district | Salah al-Din governorate in general, and to determine the correlation between the knowledge level of grape growers and some independent variables, the Ishaqi district was chosen as an area to conduct the research in which grape cultivation is spread in (5) agricultural districts for conducting the current research, the research community included all (995) grape growers in Ishaqi district, a random sample of (20%) was selected from them. The number of farmers who represent a sample, the research (199) farmers, a questionnaire included two parts: the first included the independent variables, and second: included (87) representing measuring the knowledge level distributed over nine areas to measure the knowledge level of grape growers with the most important crop service operations.. The initial test was conducted on the initial test sample of 30 farmers from the research community and from outside the research sample for the purpose of calculating stability using the cronbach,s Alpha Where the value was 0.88, and the validity coefficient was 0.93, the results of the research showed that the general level of grape growers with the most important tree service operations, and the result in Ishaqi district | Salah al-Din governorate average tends to decline, and the results of the research showed that there is a significant correlation between the level of knowledge of grape growers and of The exploited variables (age, educational level, training courses, contact with information sources),. The researcher recommended the need to provide grape growers with information and scientific expertise and applied, and scientific recommendations on the cultivation and service of grape trees through the intensification of field visits and agricultural extension activities such as extension seminars, extension publications.
Raafat Abdul Wahhab; Mohammed Mohammed; Khairullah Sabhan
Volume 23, Issue 1 , March 2023, Pages 178-188
Abstract
The Objectives of the study was to find out how rural women in Al-Zawiya sub-district / Baiji district participate in agricultural activities (plant and animal). The data was collected through a personal interview using a questionnaire form prepared for this purpose, which the first part included measuring ...
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The Objectives of the study was to find out how rural women in Al-Zawiya sub-district / Baiji district participate in agricultural activities (plant and animal). The data was collected through a personal interview using a questionnaire form prepared for this purpose, which the first part included measuring social and economic variables that may be related to the level of rural women's participation in agricultural activities, and the data was collected through a personal interview using a questionnaire form prepared for this purpose, which included the first part of the form measuring social and economic variables that may be related to the level of rural women's participation in agricultural activities, and the data was collected through a personal interview using a questionnaire (age, marital status, educational level, number of family members working in agriculture, type of farm holding). The second part, it relates to scale for measuring the level of women's participation in agricultural activities (plant and animal), and it included two inspects: First: the field of vegetable agriculture. Second: The agricultural and animal activities field to calculate the values of this variable (28) works. were identified in this field, through which the level of rural women's participation in agricultural and animal activities is numerically determined. To reach the objectives of the research, several statistical methods were used, namely: (arithmetic mean, range, Pearson’s correlation law, Spearman’s correlation law. And standard deviation). The results of the study revealed that the majority of the respondents fall within the category of medium participation, and that the two categories of medium and high participation constitute (76%) of the total respondents, where the study showed that there is a relationship Significant correlation between the level of knowledge and each of (age, educational level, number of family members, farm ownership).
Ahmed Al-Ajrawi
Volume 23, Issue 1 , March 2023, Pages 189-201
Abstract
The main objective of the research is to measure the impact of the exchange rate on foreign direct investment in Iraq, and to achieve this, it has been relying on time series data for foreign direct investment, the exchange rate, gross domestic product, inflation rate, and money supply for the ...
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The main objective of the research is to measure the impact of the exchange rate on foreign direct investment in Iraq, and to achieve this, it has been relying on time series data for foreign direct investment, the exchange rate, gross domestic product, inflation rate, and money supply for the period 1990-2021 by applying to the Iraqi economy as independent economic variables and their impact on The dependent variable is the exchange rate, and the unit root and stability test was carried out, and in order to detect the inactivity of the series variables, the developed Dickie-Fuller test was used, and the AIC standard was relied upon to test the slowing periods using the descriptive and quantitative method based on the Eviews-12 statistical program. The test proved that the variables of the study appeared static in the level and the first difference, which allows the use of the autoregressive model of the distributed time gap ARDL. And foreign direct investment in the agricultural sector and a positive relationship in the long and short term between GDP and foreign direct investment in the agricultural sector. As for the money supply in the broad sense, the relationship was inverse and significant in the long term only. in the agricultural sector.
