Niga Kalloshy; Ali Sharbazhery
Volume 23, Issue 3 , September 2023, Pages 1-12
Abstract
From October 10, 2021 to July 10, 2022 this research was done to design a tourist resort in Bani quein and the island at Darbandikhan Lake. The location is 230 km northeast of Baghdad. Globally it is at latitude 35o 06 '58' -35o 21 '07' N, and longitude 45o 40 '59' - 45o 44 '42' E. The information of ...
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From October 10, 2021 to July 10, 2022 this research was done to design a tourist resort in Bani quein and the island at Darbandikhan Lake. The location is 230 km northeast of Baghdad. Globally it is at latitude 35o 06 '58' -35o 21 '07' N, and longitude 45o 40 '59' - 45o 44 '42' E. The information of the research was collected according to four methods of data collection. First method was personal observation through several visits to the sites at different times. The second was an analysis of architectural plans obtained from the site. The third was in personal interviews with specialists in the directorate of Municipality and Tourism in the town of Darbandikhan. The fourth method to collect information was done via a questionnaire form. The study reached several results, among the favorite recreational activities of residents and tourists, presence of a special area for families was at the rate of 95%. Children area was at the second rank which was 94%, places for viewing, insight, and marketing of cultural and industrial products, boating activity and walking activity were 93% 89.9% and 84% at third, fourth and fifth rank respectively. According to these needs, two tourist resorts were proposed. In addition to studying the environmental factors in the city, the most important negative aspects of the climate were taken into account due to the lack of humidity (17%) and the high temperature above (40 C0) during the summer months and vice versa during the winter months, the temperature drops to (0 C0)
Ghassan J. Z; Wissam Ghalib
Volume 23, Issue 3 , September 2023, Pages 13-21
Abstract
Field experiment was conducted on Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) ‘White Vienna cv.’ at the Experimental Station of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, Salah al-Din, Iraq, during the winter season of 2021-2022 under drip irrigation ...
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Field experiment was conducted on Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) ‘White Vienna cv.’ at the Experimental Station of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, Salah al-Din, Iraq, during the winter season of 2021-2022 under drip irrigation system. This study aimed to investigate the effect of seedling age (45, 60 and 75 days) and different combination of NPK (60:40:0, 70:50:20, 80:60:30, 90:70:40, 100:80:50 and 120:90:50 kg ha-1) on qualitative of kohlrabi plants. The experiment was carried ou according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The comparison of means was performed by Duncan at a P≤ 0.05 probability level. Results showed that seedling age 45 days increased significantly in the percentages of nitrogen in the leaves, phosphorus and potassium, total dissolved solids (TSS) in knob, content of vitamin C in knob and carbohydrates in the knob which were 3.045%, 0.425%, 3.868%, 6.333%, 0.389 mg ml-1 and 6.204% respectively. On the other hand, using combination fertilizer of NPK at level 120:90:50 kg ha-1, gave significant increment in all studied characteristics. Interaction treatment between seedling age 45 days and combination fertilizer of NPK at 120:90:50 kg ha-1 recorded highest values in all studied characteristics of qualitative for kohlrabi plant except the percentage of nitrogen in leaves. Whereas, seedling age 60 days and combination fertilizer of NPK at 120:90:50 kg ha-1 showed significant superiority in the percentage of nitrogen in leaves 5.533%.
Nazy A. Sarkees; Bilal I. Mohammed
Volume 23, Issue 3 , September 2023, Pages 22-31
Abstract
From the field of Khabat Technical Institute- Erbil Polytechnic University the research was conducted in the summer season of 2021. It shows peanut yield and oil response to application methods and zinc concentration. A factorial experimental design was applied in a randomized complete block design (RBCD) ...
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From the field of Khabat Technical Institute- Erbil Polytechnic University the research was conducted in the summer season of 2021. It shows peanut yield and oil response to application methods and zinc concentration. A factorial experimental design was applied in a randomized complete block design (RBCD) with replications; the first factor represents seed treatment by four concentrations of Zinc (0, 1, 2 and 3 g Zn kg seed-1) and second factor was a foliar spray application by four concentrations of Zinc (0, 2000, 4000 and 6000 Zn mg liter-1). The combined effect of seed treatment by 1 g Zn kg seed-1 and 2000 mg liter-1 of zinc foliar spray application, produced the highest value of a number of pod plant-1, pod and seed yield (kg ha-1), oil and protein yield (kg ha-1), but the seed treatment by 2 g Zn kg seed-1 and 4000 mg liter-1 of zinc foliar application surpassed in weight of 100 pod (g), weight of 100 seed, oil and protein percentage while 1 g Zn kg seed-1 and 4000 mg liter-1 of zinc obtained the heights branches of plant-1. The interaction between seed treatment 1 g Zn kg seed-1 with 2000 mg liter-1 of zinc foliar application recorded the highest number of pod plant-1, seed yield (kg ha-1), oil percentage, oil and protein yield (kg ha-1). The interaction treatment 2 g Zn kg seed-1 with 4000 mg liter-1 of zinc recorded the highest value in weight of 100 pods (g), weight of 100 seed, pods yield (kg ha-1) and protein percentage
Widyan A. Abbas; Anas M. Tawfeeiq
Volume 23, Issue 3 , September 2023, Pages 32-40
Abstract
The experiment was performed in a greenhouse belonging to the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping gardening, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University for the period from November 2021 - May 2022. The experiment included two factors: the level of pruning (without pruning, moderate pruning, and ...
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The experiment was performed in a greenhouse belonging to the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping gardening, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University for the period from November 2021 - May 2022. The experiment included two factors: the level of pruning (without pruning, moderate pruning, and severe pruning); the addition of nitrogen fertilizer at two levels (73.4 and 146.7 g N.L-1 in the form of urea (46% N) according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replicates and three plants for each experimental unit. The results showed that the treatment of severe pruning (H2) and moderate pruning (H1) were significantly superior in the trait of the branches number (26.65 and 24.61 plants.branches-1), respectively. The treatment without pruning (H0)) was significantly superior in the leaves content of chlorophyll of (0.36 mg.g-1). The nitrogen fertilization treatment of the first concentration (F1) had a significant effect on the trait of plant height, which amounted to 37.28 cm. As for the nitrogen fertilization treatment of the second concentration (F2), it was significantly superior in the percentage of nitrogen 1.31%, phosphorous 0.24%, and potassium 1.43%. As for the interaction, the treatment (S1H0) was significantly superior in the leaves content of chlorophyll, and the treatments (H0F1) and (H0F2) also gave a significant superiority in the leaves content of chlorophyll. The interference treatment (H2F2) also led to a significant superiority in the leaves content of phosphorous. As for potassium
Awat N. Yousif; Shanaz M. Abdullah; Ahmed S. Shaker; Questan A. Ameen; Mohammed S. Mohammed; Shagul J. Muhammad; Shoxan M. Mustafa; Chro R. Aziz
Volume 23, Issue 3 , September 2023, Pages 41-50
Abstract
To assess genetic diversity among some Iraqi sheep breeds (Karadi, Jaff, and Awassi) randomly selected from three different locations of Sulaimani governorate (Jeshana, Halabjai Shahid and Kirkuk) respectively. A total of 150 blood samples were collected (50 animals per breed from both sexes) using 10 ...
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To assess genetic diversity among some Iraqi sheep breeds (Karadi, Jaff, and Awassi) randomly selected from three different locations of Sulaimani governorate (Jeshana, Halabjai Shahid and Kirkuk) respectively. A total of 150 blood samples were collected (50 animals per breed from both sexes) using 10 microsatellite markers, 7 were amplified and showed bands. Four primers were polymorphism and three were monomorphism. The results demonstrated that the total fragment number (TFN) for the 7 primes was 14 fragments. The overall polymorphic fragments number (PFN) was 6, the highest PFN found at locus OarJMP29 which had 3 bands, whereas the lowest PFN found at locus HUJ616, OarFCB20 and OarFCB304 which was 1 band. The overall mean percentage of polymorphic loci was 35.71 %. The OarJMP29 locus showed the highest polymorphism which was 100% and the lowest polymorphism was 0.0% for ILSTS5, MAF214, and OarJMP58 loci. In the current study mean value of number of alleles (Na) was 2 and effective number of alleles (Ne) was 1.5214. Nei’s gene diversity and Shannon index are respectively averaged of 0.3296, and 0.5063. The smallest genetic distance recorded between Jaff and Awassi which was 0.0554, while the farthest distance was observed between Karadi and Awassi 0.1168.The results of genetic identity showed that the Jaff and Awassi populations are more genetically alike (0.9461) while the Karadi and the Awassi populations were the least genetically identical (0.8898). The dendrogram tree separated the studied breeds into two clusters, the first one including Jaff and Awassi breeds, and the second cluster includes Karadi breed. Finally, moderate value for both of polymorphism and genetic diversity were observed among the studied sheep breeds, which will help in developing a suitable approach for the genetic improvement, utilization and conservation of Iraqi sheep breeds.
Basim S. Obaid; Ragaa S. Salih; Yasir H. Ajrash
Volume 23, Issue 3 , September 2023, Pages 51-63
Abstract
A laboratory experiment was conducted to study the behavior of copper in gypsum soils of different organic sources through a number of experiences, and knowledge of copper adsorption and release conditions in it, and used three equations physicochemical Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin. It was adopted ...
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A laboratory experiment was conducted to study the behavior of copper in gypsum soils of different organic sources through a number of experiences, and knowledge of copper adsorption and release conditions in it, and used three equations physicochemical Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin. It was adopted The coefficient of determination (R2 ) is a better choice equation to describe the adsorption of copper, the results showed that the Langmuir equation was enough for the description and evaluation of copper adsorption compared to the rest of the physicochemical equations used according to the highest coefficient of determination R2, and the efficiency of R2 was (92, 87, 65) % for each of the Langmuir and Freundlich equations and Temkin, respectively. The maximum adsorption values of the Langmuir equation were (61.728 - 25,906) mg.kg-1 and a bonding energy (0.731 - 0.128) L.mg-1, and Freundlech's equation showed the maximum adsorption values (1.346 - 0.855) L.mg-1 and a bonding energy (15.160 - 4.010) mg.kg-1, while the maximum adsorption values were to equation Temkin range between (35 - 29) mg.kg-1 energy connectivity ranging what between (0.495-0.185) L.kg-1, and from equation Temkin can that define type adsorption physical or a chemist and on the most chemical calendar for height valuable heat interaction bT, which ranges from (84.86 - 70.34). As for the results of liberating copper adsorbed, the highest values of liberated copper were recorded at. Levels add high from copper (50,100,150) mgkg-1 and at levels low add from copper (2,5,10) mgkg-1 be valuable Liberation copper zero (nill).
Ahmed Abdulla Hussein
Volume 23, Issue 3 , September 2023, Pages 64-70
Abstract
In thymus, CD8 showed -ve expression at one week age. At one and two months old, strongly +ve were observed within the thymic parenchyma and around Hassall's corpuscles. At seven months old, CD8 showed variable degrees of +ve expression especially around blood vessels but less ...
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In thymus, CD8 showed -ve expression at one week age. At one and two months old, strongly +ve were observed within the thymic parenchyma and around Hassall's corpuscles. At seven months old, CD8 showed variable degrees of +ve expression especially around blood vessels but less frequency than that of the younger ages due to the retarded activity of the thymus gland. CD268 cells showed –ve expressions in cortex and medulla of thymus at the 1st week of age . At the age of one month old Peacock the CD268 exhibited high degree of +ve appearance for B cells. At the age of two months old, CD268 displayed +ve expression in thymic cortex particularly around the septae. At age of seven months old Peacocks, the adult cellular population were formed the whole parenchyma of thymus gland therefore CD268 give slightly +ve expression in the cortex mainly around the septae. While in the spleen, CD8 were showed –ve expression at the age of one week Peacock poult . At the age of (1,2 and 7) months old spleen have great role in the immunity. CD268 indicated –ve expressions at one week of age, because of most of the cells at this age immatured. Few numbers of B lymphocytes were showing +ve expression at one month of age .At age of two months old Peacock B cells showed highly +ve expression. At age of seven months old Peacocks showed +ve expression, and highly increase in the number of mature B lymphocytes compared with other previous younger ages
Waran N. Abdulla Agha; Hero M. Muhammad; Kamaran M. Taha
Volume 23, Issue 3 , September 2023, Pages 71-78
Abstract
The phylogeny of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) has been studied by molecular technique for the first time in Kurdistan, this study comprises relationship between six species of Aphids collected from the leaves of different plants (Chrysanthemum, Oak, Almond, Pine, Asteraceae and Herbaceous) in many localities ...
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The phylogeny of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) has been studied by molecular technique for the first time in Kurdistan, this study comprises relationship between six species of Aphids collected from the leaves of different plants (Chrysanthemum, Oak, Almond, Pine, Asteraceae and Herbaceous) in many localities of Erbil governorate Kurdistan region-Iraq, started in May to July 2022. For understanding about aphid evolution, phylogenetic of aphid is crucial. However, neither the phylogenetic alterations of the Aphid taxa nor their comprehensive definition have been achieved. Therefore, a unique method has been developed in this study to examine COI gene sequencing and infer the relationships between the major aphid taxa. DNA was isolated, and a band of 550 bp of mt COI gene was amplified. Then the amplicons were sequenced. The part of the COI gene of the insect samples are alignment inside of NCBI GenBank by BLAST program, were used to compare our nucleotide have sequenced with other stored species of insect sequences. This research presented that studying phylogeny of aphid species through a sequencing technique can create a phylogenetic tree for the used species with reliable results. So, our species in Kurdistan region clustered in a monophyletic clade with published from most countries with high identic value (100%). The COI sequence of aphid species were submitted to GenBank with six accessions of OP355287 - OP355292. The composition of nucleotides of the sequence of COI gene was low of G-C base pairing. We were successful in showing that the mt-COI gene can be used as a molecular marker for the identification of related species, as shown by the similarities between the phylogenetic association created by COI
Entisar D. Mustafa; Naima Khalaf Hamza
Volume 23, Issue 3 , September 2023, Pages 79-86
Abstract
The study included a group of lactating women, their ages ranged betwee (20-30) from Salah Al-Din Governorate (city center) and its neighboring villages. The women were divided into two groups, group A, the volunteer lactating women before following the diet suggested by the researchers, and group B, ...
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The study included a group of lactating women, their ages ranged betwee (20-30) from Salah Al-Din Governorate (city center) and its neighboring villages. The women were divided into two groups, group A, the volunteer lactating women before following the diet suggested by the researchers, and group B, the lactating women after following the suggested diet for an entire month. The results showed a high percentage of moisture, fat and ash in group (B) for breastfeeding women in the villages, which amounted to (87.44, 4.35, 1.02)%, respectively, while it decreased in group (A) of breastfeeding women in the city and was (87.20, 3.21, 0.23)% Respectively, while the protein had the highest percentage in women in the city for group (A) which amounted to 1.66%, the lowest protein percentage in lactating women in the village for group B which amounted to 1.20% and the percentage of lactose was similar for group A, B as it ranged between (7.73 - 7.77 ) %. When performing the analysis by HPLC, the carotenoids in the milk of lactating women for groups A and B showed a clear difference, as the percentage of lutein in group A ranged between (10.52-27.77) µg/L and in group B it ranged (23.30-23.93) µg/L, and the percentage of lutein in group A ranged from (10.52-27.77) µg/L Zeazanthine for group A was (11.22-21.75) µg/L, and for group B was (18.33-18.75) µg/L, and the percentage of alpha-carotene for group A was (8.05-18.45) µg/L, and for group B was (14.14-14.71). µg/L, and the ratio of beta-carotene for group A and B ranged (28.12-28.93) µg/L, and the percentage of lycopene in group A ranged between (15.14-30.74) µg/L, while its percentage in group B was (15.24-15.66) µg/L
Balsam Salih Muhammed; Labed Sharief Mohammed
Volume 23, Issue 3 , September 2023, Pages 87-93
Abstract
In order to investigate the efficiency of stimulating stored seeds of Triticale (X Triticosecale wittmack) by α -amylase enzyme, a field experiment was carried out using split plot arrangements according to a randomized complete block design in three replications. The storage period of seeds 6 months, ...
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In order to investigate the efficiency of stimulating stored seeds of Triticale (X Triticosecale wittmack) by α -amylase enzyme, a field experiment was carried out using split plot arrangements according to a randomized complete block design in three replications. The storage period of seeds 6 months, 1.5 years, and 2.5 years represented the main plots. The stimulation treatments was secondary plots included dry seeds (control), stimulated seeds with distilled water, 1 and 2 mg L-1 of α -amylase enzyme. The results showed a significant decrease in the percentage of emergence, plant leaf area, plant dry weight, number of tillers m-2, number of spikes m-2, weight of one thousand grains, and grain yield with the increasing of storage period. The enzyme concentration of 1 mg L-1 was the superior in % emergence (85.02), Plant leaf area (244.88) cm2, plant dry weight (2.087) g, number of tillers (448.8) tiller m-2, number of spikes (372.9) spike m-2, number of grains spike-1 (44.13) grain spike-1 and grain yield (5.842) ton h-1. However, there was on significant differences between the two concentration 1 and 2 mg L-1 of enzyme in leaf area, plant dry weight, 1000 grain weight and grain yield.
Safaa M. Bilal; Ayad C. Khorsheed
Volume 23, Issue 3 , September 2023, Pages 94-102
Abstract
The current study was included the separation and identification of many volatile oil compounds from the seeds and peels of the fruit of Iraqi Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad Plant , by using Clevenger apparatus for light compounds and the results were confirmed by using GLC technique The volatile ...
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The current study was included the separation and identification of many volatile oil compounds from the seeds and peels of the fruit of Iraqi Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad Plant , by using Clevenger apparatus for light compounds and the results were confirmed by using GLC technique The volatile compounds were identified which included the following : (α-pinene, Limonene, Camphene, Carvacrol, Camphor, P-cymene, Terpinene, Linalool, Menthol, Sabinen and phellanodrene), Terpinene was the highest compound concentration in the seeds and peels (12.14,16.58)% respectively , whereas the lowest concentration in the seeds and peels was Menthol (0.08,0.14) % respectively. The study was also included studying the antioxidant effect of volatile oil separated from the seeds and peels at different concetrations and compared them with the ascorbic acid as a control sample, it was observed that the separated volatile oils from the peels were significantly superior of the free radical inhibition of DPPH (76.1,76.8) % at a concentration (300, 400) Mg.ml–1 respectively compared to the separated volatile oils from seeds
Muthanna A. Ali; Khaleel K. AL kikani; Ahmed M. AL-Mashhadany; Ahmed H. Al-Obaidi
Volume 23, Issue 3 , September 2023, Pages 103-111
Abstract
Seeds are the foundation of agricultural production. Whatever other production elements are present, they will not compensate for the poor production that occurs as a result of the use of inferior seeds, which surely leads to a drop in quantity and quality production. To restart the metabolic processes ...
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Seeds are the foundation of agricultural production. Whatever other production elements are present, they will not compensate for the poor production that occurs as a result of the use of inferior seeds, which surely leads to a drop in quantity and quality production. To restart the metabolic processes in the seeds that have been prepared for planting, the seed must be hydrated in order to encourage it to germinate, and it will only do so when the right moisture is available. Stimulating seed germination in a short period of time, fighting with the bush that grows alongside the crop, and lowering the amount of pesticides required in control. Therefore, conserving the environment from pollution and lowering agricultural production costs through the use of available technology with outstanding results, particularly for leguminous crops that suffer from the presence of hard seeds. Soaking technology minimizes seeding rates, reduces work and time, and provides a homogeneous field in growth and its reflection on the harvest at one time, as well as facilitating the harvest process. In comparison to other ways, this is the safest for increasing the output and quality of field crops.
Lawand F. Mohammed; Sherwan I. Towfiq; Dana A. Abdulkhaleq
Volume 23, Issue 3 , September 2023, Pages 112-126
Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the stability and adaptability of maize crop genotypes under four different environmental conditions, of eight inbred lines maize, and their crosses of (Zea mays L.). Four inbred lines (NADH 905, NADH102, NA106, Sara NA) were designated as lines, and four inbred ...
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This study was carried out to evaluate the stability and adaptability of maize crop genotypes under four different environmental conditions, of eight inbred lines maize, and their crosses of (Zea mays L.). Four inbred lines (NADH 905, NADH102, NA106, Sara NA) were designated as lines, and four inbred lines (NA 225, NAHD503, ZM12, NAPI5012) were fixed as testers. The data are combined across sites and seasons to perform a joint analysis in order to obtain information that will help breeders to select the best cultivars for different environments. Beyond this, it is essential to understand the different factors that can hamper the selection. According to (El-sahookie, and Al-Rawi, 2011), maximum percentage of stability for kernel yield was 96.61% recorded by the parentNA106, while for genotypic resultant it was 1.067% recorded by the Crosse NA106× NAPI5012. According to Eberhart and Russell (1966), it was found that the cross NADH 905×NAPI5012 was adaptable for kernel yield. According to (Francis, 1977) it was found that the crosses NADH102×NA225, NADH102×NAPI5012, Sara NA×NAHD503, parents NADH 905, and NA225 were good performance and stable for kernel yield
Noor Hussein Abdul-Rahman; Ghassan Hamdan Jameel; Talib Jawad Kadhim
Volume 23, Issue 3 , September 2023, Pages 127-133
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum is commonly involved in the polymicrobial "chronic respiratory disease" in broiler chickens, leading to increased condemnations in the processing plant. In layers and breeders, it is usually subclinical, but causes a reduction in the number of eggs laid per hen over the production ...
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Mycoplasma gallisepticum is commonly involved in the polymicrobial "chronic respiratory disease" in broiler chickens, leading to increased condemnations in the processing plant. In layers and breeders, it is usually subclinical, but causes a reduction in the number of eggs laid per hen over the production cycle. The present study aim to sero-identification of the Mycoplasma gallisepticum and study the concentration of interferon gamma. Sixty seven broiler chickens with respiratory signs (infected group), and fifteen healthy chickens considered as control group were used in this study. Blood samples were collected from all groups to perform in enzyme-linked immunosorbent test to identification antibodies for Mycoplasma gallisepticum and the level of interferon gamma. The result was shown (32/67) sample from infected chicken was positive for Mycoplasma gallisepticum and the level of INF-Gamma is significantly higher in the positive chicken for Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection at (102.34 ± 31.37) pg/ml when compared to control group at found (74.68 ± 12.75) pg/ml. The conclusion that increasing the level of INF-Gamma was affected in the increasing the susceptible to Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection and caused chronic respiratory disease infected to chickens in Iraq
Zaid Khidhir
Volume 23, Issue 3 , September 2023, Pages 133-145
Abstract
Due to the accompanying hazards of cytotoxicity and systemic diseases following intake of such metals, especially in areas with rising industrial and agricultural activity, exposure to heavy metals through chicken consumption is a crucial issue for human health. In Kurdistan Region-Iraq, poultry meat ...
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Due to the accompanying hazards of cytotoxicity and systemic diseases following intake of such metals, especially in areas with rising industrial and agricultural activity, exposure to heavy metals through chicken consumption is a crucial issue for human health. In Kurdistan Region-Iraq, poultry meat and their products (especially local chicken) are widely consumed from population. On the point of view the present study was conducted to access the concentration levels of Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu) and Lead (Pb) heavy metals from some selected regions of Sulaymaniyah province (Bazyan, Dukan, Mergapan and Tanjaro) were measured in different body parts (breast and liver) of backyard chicken using Thermo Fisher Scientific inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-OES). The results revealed that the residues of cadmium (Cd) in both samples (meat and liver) from all regions were within the permissible limit (0.3 mg/kg) by FAO/WHO, except Dukan region for liver sample, which recorded the value (0.355 mg/kg). The concentration of Copper (Cu) in meat and liver samples of all regions was exceeding than the permissible limit (0.3 mg/kg), levels proposed by FAO/WHO and the highest concentration was detected in of Dukan followed by Mergapan (11.541 and 11.372 mg/kg) respectively for liver sample. Lead (Pb) was found exceeding the permissible limit levels of 0.1 mg/kg in the liver samples of all the regions (0.147–0.729 mg/kg), except for Mergapan which recorded low value (0.091 mg/kg). Concerning Pb concentration in breast samples the value from Dukan and Tanjaro (0.118 and 0.149 mg/kg) was exceeding the permissible limit, while from Bazyan and Mergapan (0.082 and 0.022) the value was within permissible limit. As the most consumed section of the chicken has been determined to be among the tissues with the least contamination, liver, which is often less consumed by the local populace as compared to meat, was discovered to have relatively higher metal concentrations.
Reem A. A. Al-Qattan; Qahtan Al-Khafagi
Volume 23, Issue 3 , September 2023, Pages 147-157
Abstract
Abstract
The study included two sites for two soils of different textures (Al-Mazara and Bashiqa) within Nineveh Governorate - Iraq. Soil samples were taken from the surface depth (30 cm) naturally by means of columns. The experiment was carried out by adding two types of water (river water and well ...
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Abstract
The study included two sites for two soils of different textures (Al-Mazara and Bashiqa) within Nineveh Governorate - Iraq. Soil samples were taken from the surface depth (30 cm) naturally by means of columns. The experiment was carried out by adding two types of water (river water and well water) to each column with a volume equivalent to The pore size, and alternating wetting and drying were done for ten cycles, and the period between one cycle and another was 10 days. Soil samples were analyzed after the first cycle, the fifth cycle, and the tenth cycle to find out the effect of the number of humidification cycles on the exchanged ions, the relative effectiveness, and the Gapon constant. The results indicated that the released amount of exchanged calcium ions in the soil of Bashiqa was higher than the amount released in the soil of the Al-Mazara, while the amount of magnesium ions released in the soil of Al-Mazara was higher than the amount released in the soil of Bashiqa and when using both types of water, while the relative effectiveness values for calcium, the values were higher when wetting with well water, except for the first cycle in the soil of Al-Mazara and the tenth cycle in the soil of Al-Mazara and Bashiqa, while the relative effectiveness of magnesium in the two study soils, the values were higher when wetting with well water and for all cycles except the fifth cycle in Bashiqa soil, while the Gapon constant for calcium in the two study soils had higher values when wetting with river water in the fifth cycles, while in the first and tenth cycles the values were higher when wetting with well water, except for the first cycle in Bashiqa soil, while the Gapon constant for magnesium in the two study soils, the values were higher when wetting with well water and for all cycles except for the first and fifth cycle in Al-Mazara soil. Then the following kinetic equations were applied: zero order equation, first order equation, diffusion equation, Eluvich equation and power function equation, the power function equation was the best equation that describes the process of release calcium and magnesium ions in the study soil.
