Document Type : Articles
Authors
Department of Food Science,College of Agriculture,University of Tikrit, Iraq
Abstract
This study was conducted at the Iraqi Center for Cancer Research / Al-Mustansiriya University / Baghdad Governorate, for the period from November 2020 to January 2021, to know healthy effects of different fat ratios mixtures of Omega-3 to Omega-6 in male mice with type 2 diabetes induced by Aloxan at a concentration of 100 mg / kg of weight. 32 mice aged (2-3) months and their weight (25-30) g were included. Four mice were isolated from them as a healthy control group and the remaining mice were injected with alloxan. Infected mice were divided into seven groups, one of which was untreated group (infected control), while the rest were treated with mixtures of different proportions of omega 6 and 3 fats. After the 30-day experiment, the biological study showed that the introduction of experimental diabetes mellitus with alloxan led to a higher Significant (p>0.01) and (P>0.05) in the concentration of glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) compared with the proper control group. While it led to a significant decrease (p>0.01) and (p>0.05) in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations in the affected control group, but when using mixtures of different proportions of omega-6 fats: Omega-3 led to a decrease in the concentration of glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) compared with the infected and untreated control group and an increase in concentrations of high-density lipoproteins (HDL-C) cholesterol.
Keywords
- Ahmad, M. Z., Ahmad, J., Zafar, S., Warsi, M. H., Abdel-Wahab, B. A., Akhter,S. and Alam, M. A. (2020). Omega-3 fatty acids as adjunctive therapeutics: prospective of nanoparticles in its formulation development. Therapeutic delivery, 11(1), 851-868.
- Al Jaafar, S. H and Hussein, F. F. (2020). Use of celery extract, pomegranate juice and potassium supplementation in the treatment of alloxan-induced diabetic ketoacidosis in albino male rats. Master Thesis, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, Iraq.
- Al-Jubouri, M. K. (2008). Histological changes in the heart, lungs and kidneys induced by excessive doses of vitamin D3 and calcium in albino mice, Mus musculus, MSc Thesis, University of Tikrit.
- Allain, C. C. (1974). Clinical Chemistray. 20/4, p: 470-475.
- Al-Safi, A. H and Abdel Latif, H.A. (2018). Effect of diabetes mellitus on the level of lipids in pregnant female albino rats. Al-Baher Magazine, 9 (15-16), 17-28.
- Al-Samarrai, Abeer M. S.(2019). Effect of Ganoderma and Spirulina as dietary supplements on male mice induced with diabetes and anemia. Master's Thesis, College of Agriculture - Tikrit University.
- Al-Zubaidi, A. K (2012). The effect of feeding with flax and sesame seeds on the distribution and composition of unsaturated fatty acids in carcasses of Awassi lambs. Master's thesis, University of Baghdad - College of Agriculture.
- Balić, A., Vlašić, D., Žužul, K., Marinović, B., and Bukvić Mokos, Z. (2020). Omega-3 versus omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(3), 741.
- Bays, H. E., Tighe, A. P., Sadovsky, R., and Davidson, M. H. (2008). Prescription omega-3 fatty acids and their lipid effects: physiologic mechanisms of action and clinical implications. Expert review of cardiovascular therapy, 6(3), 391-409.
- Brewery- H. B. (2004). Focus on high density lipoproteins in reducing cardiovascular risk. Am. Heart. J; 148: 14-18.
- Burtis,C, A. and Ashwood, E. R. (1999). Teitz Text Book of Clinical Chemistry, 3rded., W.B. Saunders Company, London, UK., pp: 840-843.
- De Souza, D. R., da Silva Pieri, B. L., Comim, V. H., de Oliveira Marques, S., Luciano, T. F., Rodrigues, M. S., and De Souza, C. T. (2020). Fish oil reduces subclinical inflammation, insulin resistance, and atherogenic factors in overweight/obese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A pre-post pilot study. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications, 34(5), 107553.
- Duncan, P. and Mahaffey, (1994). Erythrocytes. Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, 3rd ed. Ames,
- Iowa state university press: 21-34
- Elhabiby, M. I., Hillal, K. A., Al-Dahody, N. Z., Al-Eid, A. S., El-Nabaheen, E. M., Alsuhaibani, S.A ., ... and Mohieldein, A. H. (2018). Use of Omega-3 Supplements for the Amelioration of Glucose Levels and Lipid Profile Parameters in Female University: A Randomized Control Study. Asian Journal of Medicine and Health, 1-8.
- Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. (2011). Diabetes mellitus, fasting glucose, and risk of cause-specific death. New England Journal of Medicine, 364(9), 829-841.
- Fazelian, S., Moradi, F., Agah, S., Hoseini, A., Heydari, H., Morvaridzadeh, M., ... and Heshmati, J. (2021). Effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on cardio-metabolic and oxidative stress parameters in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC nephrology, 22(1), 1-13.
- Ferrières, J. (2020). The return of triglycerides and revival of omega-3 fatty acid. Archives of cardiovascular diseases, 113(6-7), 369-373.
- Francis, D., Ani, C., Nworgu, C., Pamela, O., Uzoma, I., Uzoigwe, J., and Daniel, N. (2018). The Effect of Ethanolic Seed Extract of Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) on Blood Glucose Level and Lipid Profile of Diabetic Wistar Rats. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 1-6.
- Gao, C., Liu, Y., Gan, Y., Bao, W., Peng, X., Xing, Q., ... and Yang, Y. (2020). Effects of fish oil supplementation on glucose control and lipid levels among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lipids in health and disease, 19, 1-10.
- Goh, Y. K., Jumpsen, J. A., Ryan, E. A., and Clandinin, M. T. (1997). Effect of w3 fatty acid on plasma lipids, cholesterol and lipoprotein fatty acid content in NIDDM patients. Diabetologia, 40(1), 45-52.
- Harris, W. S., Mozaffarian, D., Rimm, E., Kris-Etherton, P., Rudel, L. L., Appel, L. J., ... and Sacks, F. (2009). Omega-6 fatty acids and risk for cardiovascular disease: a science advisory from the American Heart Association Nutrition Subcommittee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation, 119(6), 902-907.
- Hodson, L., Skeaff, C. M., and Chisholm, W. A. (2001). The effect of replacing dietary saturated fat with polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fat on plasma lipids in free-living young adults. European journal of clinical nutrition, 55(10), 908-915.
- Hu, J. L., Nie, S. P., and Xie, M. Y. (2018). Antidiabetic mechanism of dietary polysaccharides based on their gastrointestinal functions. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 66(19), 4781-4786.
- Jandal, M. M., and Naji, E. Z. (2021). Study of the effect of Ethanolic extract of pomegranate peels on some blood serum biochemical parameters in alloxan induced diabetes male rats. Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences, 21(1), 138-151.
- Jassim, M. A., and Ayed, M. A., and Mohamed M. J. (2017). Effect of camel milk on the level of AST, ALT and ALP enzymes in the liver of rats with induced diabetes. Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 9(2): 29-35.
- Jeppesen, C., Schiller. k., and Schulze, M. B. (2013). Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and type 2 diabetes. Current diabetes reports, 13(2), 279-288.
- Kapoor, B., Kapoor, D., Gautam, S., Singh, R., & Bhardwaj, S. (2021). Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs): Uses and Potential Health Benefits. Current Nutrition Reports, 1-11.
- Komal, F., Khan, M. K., Imran, M., Ahmad, M. H., Anwar, H., Ashfaq, U.A ., ... and Nisa, M. U. (2020). Impact of different omega-3 fatty acid sources on lipid, hormonal, blood glucose, weight gain and histopathological damages profile in PCOS rat model. Journal of Translational Medicine, 18(1), 1-11.
- Kröger, J., Jacobs, S., Jansen, E. H., Fritsche, A., Boeing,H., and Schulze, M. B. (2015). Erythrocyte membrane fatty acid fluidity and risk of type 2 diabetes in the EPIC-Potsdam study. Diabetologia, 58(2), 282-289.
- Kromhout, D., Giltay, E. J., and Geleijnse, J. M. (2010). n–3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular events after myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine, 363(21), 2015-2026.
- Leaver, M.J.; Ezaz M.T.; Fontagne S.; Tocher D.R.; Boukouvala E. and Krey (2007). Multiple peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta subtypes from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, 38: 391– 400.
- Lee, M. W., Park, J. K., Hong, J. W., Kim, K. J., Shin, D. Y., Ahn, C. W., ... and Lee, E. J. (2013). Beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids on low density lipoprotein particle size in patients with type 2 diabetes already under statin therapy. Diabetes and metabolism journal, 37(3), 207-211.
- Lehninger, L.A. (1982). Principles of Biochemistry. Worth Publishers Inc. P: 607.
- Lemya Mohammed Yahia Naway .(2011) . Lipid Profile in Sudanese Diabetic Patients. Degree of Master. Sudan Academy of Sciences.
- Mans, K. and Aburjai, T. (2019). Accessing the hypoglycemic effects of seed extract from celery (Apium graveolens) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 1-10.
- Mensink, R. P., Zock, P. L., Kester, A. D., and Katan, M. B. (2003). Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 77(5), 1146-1155.
- Muhammad, H. Y. (2016). Study of some physiological and biochemical variables in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. PhD thesis, College of Science - University of Baghdad.
- Muhammad, M. S., Walid M. S., Dahah J. M. (2010) Effect of effective biomass (EM) on blood sugar concentration and a number of vital variables in the blood serum of healthy and diabetic male mice. Al-Rafidain Journal of Science, 22(2),1-15
- Othman, I. A. (2015). Effect of flaxseed and fenugreek on some biochemical parameters in rabbit blood. PhD thesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - University of Hama.
- NRC, National Research Council. (1995). Nutrient requirements of the mouse. In Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals: Fourth Revised Edition, 1995. National Academies Press (US).
- Owoyele, V. B., Adeyemi, F. M., and Soladoye, A. O. (2005). Effect of aqueous leaves extract of ocimum gratissimum (sweet basil) on alloxan induced diabetic rats. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 1(2), 62.
- Rahimi-Madiseh, M., Heidarian, E., Kheiri, S., and Rafieian-Kopaei, M. (2017). Effect of hydroalcoholic Allium ampeloprasum extract on oxidative stress, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Biomedicine and pharmacotherapy, 86, 363-367.
- Ramadan, M. F. (2013). Healthy blends of high linoleic sunflower oil with selected cold pressed oils: Functionality, stability and antioxidative characteristics. Industrial Crops and Products, 43, 65-72.
- SAS, (2001). SAS User s guide: Statistical system, Ine. Cary, NC. USA
- Shearer, G. C., and Walker, R. E. (2018). An overview of the biologic effects of omega-6 oxylipins in humans. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 137, 26-38.
- Shearer, G. C., Pottala, J. V., Hansen, S. N., Brandenburg, V., and Harris, W. S. (2012). Effects of prescription niacin and omega-3 fatty acids on lipids and vascular function in metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of lipid research, 53(11), 2429-2435.
- Talukdar, S., Bae, E. J., Imamura, T., Morinaga, H., Fan, W., Li, P., ... and Olefsky, J. M. (2010). GPR120 is an omega-3 fatty acid receptor mediating potent anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects. Cell, 142(5), 687-698.
- Terpstra, A. H. M., Van den Berg, P., Jansen, H., Beynen, A. C., and Van Tol, A. (2000). Decreasing dietary fat saturation lowers HDL-cholesterol and increases hepatic HDL binding in hamsters. British Journal of Nutrition, 83(2), 151-159
- Tietz, N., (1995). clinical guide to laboratory tests 3rd. ed., PA: WB Saunders company, Philadelphia, 266 – 273.
- Tillander, V., Bjørndal, B., Burri, L., Bohov, P., Skorve, J., Berge, R. K., and Alexson, S. E. (2014). Fish oil and krill oil supplementations differentially regulate lipid catabolic and synthetic pathways in mice. Nutrition and metabolism, 11(1), 1-17.
- Trinder, P. A. (1969). Determination of glucose in blood using glucose oxidase with an alternative oxygen acceptor. Ann. Clin. Bio chem, 6: 24-33.
- Ulven, T., and Christiansen, E. (2015). Dietary fatty acids and their potential for controlling metabolic diseases through activation of FFA4/GPR120. Annual Review of Nutrition, 35, 239-263.
- Valsta, L. M., Jauhiainen, M., Aro, A., Salminen, I., and Mutanen, M. (1995). The effects on serum lipoprotein levels of the two monounsaturated fat rich diets differing in their linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid contents.
- Wu, J. H., Marklund, M., Imamura, F., Tintle, N., Korat, A. V. A., De Goede, J., ... and for Heart, C. (2017). Omega-6 fatty acid biomarkers and incident type 2 diabetes: pooled analysis of individual-level data for 39 740 adults from 20 prospective cohort studies. The lancet Diabetes and endocrinology, 5(12), 965-974.
- Yang, G., Lee, J., Lee, S., Kwak, D., Choe, W., Kang, I., ... and Ha, J. (2016). Krill oil supplementation improves dyslipidemia and lowers body weight in mice fed a high-fat diet through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Journal of medicinal food, 19(12), 1120-1129.
- Zhang, L. (2010). Dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance and cardiovascular disease mortality and morbidity in Europeans and Asians. Academic dissertation. Publication of Public Health M205, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. Pp: 88.
)