Document Type : Articles
Authors
1 Natural Resources Department, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
2 Geology Department, College of Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
Abstract
Self-purification capacity of a river is a significant indicator for the river health and it is in great importance in polluted water. Tanjero River lies southwest of Sulaimani city formed by linking two streams (Qiliasan and Kani-Ban streams) along its path the sewage of wastewater is discharged into the river that causes serious pollution and threatens the quality of water. Samples of water were taken from six stations (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6) along the Tanjero river. The data obtained from sample locations include velocity, depth, river discharge, water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and BOD. The De-oxygenation coefficient (k1) and re-oxygenation coefficient (K2) are then used to estimate the deficit value of predicted oxygen using the Streeter Phelps equation. The maximum de-oxygenation rate (K1) and reaeration (K2) rate (8.259541 day−1) and (15.22917day−1) were recorded in site (4) respectively. The fair ratio (f) or self-purification factor, for the Tanjero river was determined. The maximum fair ratio (f) value of (2.219) was recorded at site (2). The average fair ratio (f) was found to be (1.507) which classifies the river into large streams of low to normal velocities. This study revealed that using Streeter-Phelps method the natural self-purification occurred along the river as a result of continuous increasing of DO value and decreasing BOD value.
Keywords
- Agunwamba J.C., C.N. Maduka and A.M. Ofosaren, (2007). Analysis of pollution status of Amadi Creek and its management. J. of Water Supply: Research and Technology-AQUA ,55 (6): 427- 435. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2006.036
- Ali, L., A., (2002). Algal studies in Sewage Water within Erbil City. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Science, University of Salahaddin.
- Dai, Z., Zhang, J., She, R., Hu, N., Xia, S., Ma, G., ... & Ming, R. (2020). Numerical investigation on Re-oxygenation efficiency of stepped overflow weir in urban stream. Journal of Cleaner Production, 258, 120583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120583
- Fisesa, E. D., I. Setyobudiandi dan M. Krisanti. (2014). Aquatic Conditions and Macrozoobenthos Community Structure in the Belumai River Deli Serdang District, North Sumatra Province, 3 (1):1-9.
- Fregoso-Lopez, M.G., Armienta-Hernandez, M.A., Alarcon-Silvas, S.G. et al (2020). Assessment of nutrient contamination in the waters of the El Fuerte River, southern Gulf of California, Mexico. Environ Monit Assess 192, 417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08354-7
- Gao, Y., Yu, J., Song, Y., Zhu, G., Paerl, H. W., & Qin, B. (2019). Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of different forms of inorganic nitrogen in three types of rivers around Lake Taihu, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26:6898–6910. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04154-w
- Garg, S.K. (2006). Sewage disposal and air pollution engineering. Environmental Engineering, Vol. ll, 18th ed., Khanna Publishers, New Delhi.
- Gurjar, S. K., & Tare, V. (2019). Spatial-temporal assessment of water quality and assimilative capacity of river Ramganga, a tributary of Ganga using multivariate analysis and QUEL2K. Journal of Cleaner Production, 222, 550-564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.064
- Hamasalih, N. Y., (2008). Limnological and Hygienic Studies on Tanjero River within Sulamani city Kurdistan Region – Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis College of Agriculture University of Sulaimani. p.13
- Hamasalih, N. Y., (2014). Water Quality Index (WQI) of some well located in the region of Kani Goma and Kanasura in Sulaimani Governorate. Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani- Part A (JZS-A), 2014, 16 (1).
- Kaiser M.J., Attrill M. J., Jennings S., Thomas D.N., Barnes D. A., Brierley A. S., Polunin N.V. C., Raffaelli D.G. and Williams P.J. le B. (2006). Marine ecology: Processes, Systems, and Impacts. Oxford, University Press.
- Longe, E. and Omole, D. (2008). Analysis of pollution status of River Illo, Ota, Nigeria. The Environmentalist 28 (4): 451– 457 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-008-9166-4
- Menezes, P. C., Bittencourt P. R., Farias S. M. D., Bello P. I., Oliveira L. F. C. and Fia R. (2015). Deoxygenation rate, reaeration and potential for self-purification of small tropical urban streams. Revista Ambiente & Água, 10(4): 748-757. https://doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.1599.
- Mohammed, Fahmy O., Mohammad, A.O., Ibrahim, H.S. and Hasan, R.A. (2021). Future Scenario of Global Climate Map change according to the Köppen -Geiger Climate Classification. Baghdad Science Journal. 18 (2) (Suppl.):1030. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.2(Suppl.).1030.
- Nabi, A.O. (2005). Limnological and bacteriological studies on some wells with in Hawler city, Kurdistan region-Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis College of Science University of Sallahaddin.
- Ogunfowokan, A. O., Okoh, E. K., Adenuga, A. A., and Asubiojo, O. I. (2005). An assessment of the impact of point source pollution from a university sewage treatment oxidation pond on a receiving stream–a preliminary study. Journal of applied sciences, 5(1): 36-43.
- Streeter, H. and Phelps, E. (1925). A study of the pollution and natural purification of the Ohio River. U. S. Public Health Service. Public Health Bulletin, (146):75.
- Von Sperling, M. (2014). Introdução à qualidade das aguas e ao tratamento de esgoto. 4. ed. Belo Horizonte: Departamento de Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, (1) :472.
- Weiner, R. and Matthews, R. (2003). Environmental Engineering. 4th Edition, Elsevier Sciences.
- Xu, J., Jin, G., Tang, H., Mo, Y., Wang, Y. G., & Li, L. (2019). Response of water quality to land use and sewage outfalls in different seasons. Science of The Total Environment, 696, 134014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134014 .
)