Document Type : Articles
Authors
Horticulture Department, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region-Iraq
Abstract
This study was conducted at College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region-Iraq so as to investigate some nut traits in 10 bitter almond genotypes, capacity of them to release from dormancy and finally germination ability. Nut traits were calculated, and stratified in a sand medium at 6±1°C in a refrigerator for 55 days, then they were sown in fine sand on August 22, 2021 for 29 days to calculate germination percentage. There were great discrepancies among genotypes in nut traits. Nut length was between (23.66-32.73 mm), nut width (18.77-21.84 mm), nut size (3.16-4.26 cm3), nut weight (2.67-4.13 g), kernel weight (0.6-0.99 g), shell weight (1.94-3.27 g) and shell thickness (2.31-3.37 mm). The results of release from dormancy and calculation of germination percentage trials showed that the highest nut numbers from G6 (100%), G4 (86.11%) and G2 (65.22%) were released from dormancy and the same genotypes gave the best germination percentage, particularly G6 and G2 both gave (73.33%) germination. Depending on the results of release percentage from dormancy and germination percentage, G6 and G2 along with G4 were the best genotypes.
Keywords
- Akubude, V. C., & Nwaigwe, K. N. (2016). Economic importance of edible and non-edible almond fruit as bioenergy material: a review. American Journal of Energy Science, 3(5), 31-39.
- Al-Imam, N. M. A., & Qrunfleh, M. M. (2007). Physiological study of the stratification effect on the dynamic changes in endogenous abscisic acid in bitter almond seeds (Prunus amygdalus L.) and its relation to seed germination. Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture, 35, 1- 9.
- Bentsink, L., & Koornneef, M. (2008). Seed dormancy and germination. The Arabidopsis Book/American Society of Plant Biologists, 6, 1-18.
- Borji, M., Ghorbanli, M., & Sarlak, M. (2007). Some Seed Traits and Their Relationships to Seed Germination, Emergence Rate Electrical Conductivity in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 6(5), 781-787.
- Garcia-Gusano, M., Martinez-Garcia, P. J., & Dicenta, F. (2011). Seed Germination Time as a Criterion for the Early Selection of Late Flowering Almonds. Acta Hort., 912, 391-394.
- Garcı́a-Gusano, M., Martı́nez-Gomez, P., & Dicenta, F. (2004). Breaking seed dormancy in almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) DA Webb). Scientia Horticulturae, 99(3-4), 363-370.
- Garcia-Gusano, M., Martinez-Gomez, P., & Dicenta, F. (2005). Influence of stratification, heat and removal of teguments on breaking of seed dormancy in almond. Options Mediterraneennes, 63, 373-377.
- Garcia-Gusano, M., Martinez-Gomez, P., & Dicenta, F. (2009). Chilling requirements of almond seeds related to flowering time of pollen donor. Seed Science and Technology, 37(1), 25-32.
- Imani, A., & Nagoya, R. (2006). Characterization and Evaluation of Almond Genotypes from Gazvin Province. Acta Hort., 726, 123-126.
- Khadivi, A., Safdari, L., Hajian, M. H., & Safari, F. (2019). Selection of the promising almond (Prunus amygdalus L.) genotypes among seedling origin trees. Scientia Horticulturae, 256, 108587.
- Loghavi, M., Souri, S., & Khorsandi, F. (2011). Physical and mechanical properties of almond (Prunus dulcis L. Cv. 7Shahrood). In Paper presented at the 2011 ASABE annual meeting Louisville, KY. http://elibrary.asabe.org/abstract.asp? aid¼37425.
- Martinez-Gomez, P., Sanchez-Perez, R., Dicenta, F., Howad, W., Arús, P., & Gradziel, T. M. (2007). Almond, in: Kole, C. (Eds), Fruits and Nuts. Genome Mapping and Molecular Breeding in Plants. vol 4. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 229-242.
- Mohammadi, H., Imani, A., & Ebadi, A. (2014). Post-germination changes in hormones, enzymatic activities and biochemical compounds of different domesticated almond varieties in response to stratification. International Journal of Biosciences (IJB), 4(10), 298-308.
- Nasirahmadi, A., & Ashtiani, S. H. M. (2017). Bag-of-Feature model for sweet and bitter almond classification. Biosystems engineering, 156, 51-60.
- Palasciano, M., Logoluso, V., & Lipari, E. (2014). Differences in drought tolerance in almond cultivars grown in apulia region (Southeast Italy). Acta Hort., 1028, 319-324.
- Parvaneh, T., Afshari, H., & Ebadi, A. (2011). A study of the influence of different rootstocks on the vegetative growth of almond cultivars. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(74), 16793-16807.
- Rafiei, Z., Rouhi, V., Houshmand, S., & Mohamadkhani, A. (2019). Assessment of effective factors on breaking seed dormancy in Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb. Acta Hortic. 1249, 167-174.
- Rahemi, A., & Yadollahi, A. (2005). Rain fed almond orchards in Iran, ancient and new methods and the value of water harvesting techniques. Acta Hortic., 726, 449-454.
- Sakar, E.H., El Yamani, M., & Rharrabti, Y. (2019). Geometrical traits in almond fruit as affected by genotypic and environmental variations in northern Morocco. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 61(2), 103-112.
- Sorkheh, K., Azimkhani, R., Mehri, N., Chaleshtori, M. H., Halasz, J., Ercisli, S., & Koubouris, G.C. (2018). Interactive effects of temperature and genotype on almond (Prunus dulcis L.) pollen germination and tube length. Scientia horticulturae, 227, 162-168.
- Sorkheh, K., Shiran, B., Khodambashi, M., Moradi, H., Gradziel, T. M., & Martinez-Gomez, P. (2010). Correlations between quantitative tree and fruit almond traits and their implications for breeding. Scientia Horticulturae, 125(3), 323-331.
- Taoueb S. M., Trad, M., Ouergui, I., Jemai, H., & Mars, M. (2017). Assessment of Seed Propagation Ability of Almond Genotypes (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb.) for a Mediterranean Environment. In: Kallel, A., Ksibi, M., Ben Dhiay, H., Khelifi, N. (Eds), Recent Advances in Environmental Science from the Euro-Mediterranean and Surrounding Regions. EMCEI 2017. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development). Springer, Cham, pp. 1179-1180.
- Trachi, M., Bourfis, N., Benamara, S., & Gougam, H. (2014). Preparation and characterization of activated coal from bitter almond shells (Prunus amygdalus). Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Societe et Environnement, 18(4), 492-502.
- Yadollahi, A., Arzani, K., Ebadi, A., Wirthensohn, M., & Karimi, S. (2011). The response of different almond genotypes to moderate and severe water stress in order to screen for drought tolerance. Scientia Horticulturae, 129(3), 403-413.
- Zeinalabedini, M., Majourhat, K., Khayam-Nekoui, M., Hernandez, J.A., & Martinez-Gomez, P. (2009). Breaking seed dormancy in long-term stored seeds from Iranian wild almond species. Seed Science and Technology, 37(2), 267-275.
)