Farhan Al-Behadili; Qasim Ahmed; Thamer Al-Shuwaili; Beibei Li; Yonglin Ren
Volume 24, Issue 2 , June 2024, Pages 1-13
Abstract
The hypothesized role of stress-inducible heat shock proteins is to act as a buffer against environmental variations and affect fitness in suboptimal conditions. Our study examining the functions of heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) in the eggs of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata). We utilized ...
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The hypothesized role of stress-inducible heat shock proteins is to act as a buffer against environmental variations and affect fitness in suboptimal conditions. Our study examining the functions of heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) in the eggs of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata). We utilized double-stranded RNA, specifically targeting the Hsp27 gene, to reduce its expression and assessed the consequent impact on egg viability. The investigation included the examination of early eggs (less than 6 hours post-laying) and late eggs (more than 42 hours post-laying), using varying concentrations (0.02, 0.1, and 0.2 µg/µL) of Hsp27 dsRNA. Control groups of eggs were dsRNA of ATPase, Cctra-2, or phosphate buffer solution (ph-B-S). Down-regulating Hsp27 dsRNA reduced the hatching rate of the eggs compared to the hatching rate in the control groups, especially in the ph-B-S group. The early eggs were more affected than the late eggs after soaking with Hsp27 dsRNA, where the Hsp27 dsRNA decreased the hatching rates to 12.91% early. The tested concentration of 0.2 µg/µL of Hsp27 dsRNA was achieved with the most significant reduction of 2.75 in egg viability. The sex ratio of insects hatched from treated eggs was investigated after hatching. After the down-regulation of Hsp27, there was no significant effect of the Hsp27 down-regulation on the sex ratio.
MOHAMMED SHAKER MANSOR
Volume 24, Issue 2 , June 2024, Pages 14-24
Abstract
The study was conducted in the researcher's apiary located in the Salah al-Din governorate, Iraq. The experiment took place during the winter months of January, December, and February of the year 2021-2022 Which aims to evaluate the Overwintering period based on the temperature and humidity inside ...
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The study was conducted in the researcher's apiary located in the Salah al-Din governorate, Iraq. The experiment took place during the winter months of January, December, and February of the year 2021-2022 Which aims to evaluate the Overwintering period based on the temperature and humidity inside Lancastroth cells using a computer monitoring system. 15 cells were used in the experiment. were divided into different treatments: T1 as the control treatment using the usual Lancaster cells, T2 using Langstroth hives coated with secondary ceilings, and T3, T4, and T5 using Langstroth hives coated with adhesive walls of cork, Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and Alkabon, respectively.The results of the statistical analysis of the data obtained from the computer control system showed that the treatments led to the preservation of heat inside the cells by preventing heat leakage to and from the cells. Additionally, there was a highly significant decrease (P≤0.01) in the relative humidity recorded inside the cells and brood by the computer control system during all experimental periods and the general average. The average temperature during winter 22.30, 30.25, 27.64, and 27.53 °C, while the humidity was 79.93, 66.81, 64.95, 61.34, and 62.44% in the treatments.
Eman Faisal Mohammed Al-Zubaidi; Kays Nadhim Ghazal
Volume 24, Issue 2 , June 2024, Pages 25-43
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic is one of the types of communicable and infectious diseases that have caused very significant impacts in many economic variables, especially the food gap for wheat and rice crops in Iraq and in the majority of the world. The problem of research lies in the nature of the challenges ...
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The coronavirus pandemic is one of the types of communicable and infectious diseases that have caused very significant impacts in many economic variables, especially the food gap for wheat and rice crops in Iraq and in the majority of the world. The problem of research lies in the nature of the challenges and constraints to the production of these two crops, which has made the effects of the pandemic add additional burden to it. Iraq has thus lost its ability to achieve food security, while food prices have risen significantly, reflecting the high rate of deficits in the State's general budget, as Iraq is a net importer of most types of agricultural products, particularly the strategy. The research aims to study the reality of food security from wheat and rice crops during the period of the pandemic and its repercussions in the Iraqi economy. A number of findings have been reached in the practical aspect of the study, including the emergence of the inverse relationship between the quantities produced by wheat and its food gap. The relationship between the quantities produced and imported from rice and its food gap has been expulsive. The State's general budget deficit relationship with the food gap in both crops was expulsive. We recommend diversifying the production of the Iraqi economy, reducing dependence on the oil sector's foreign exchange revenues, adopting a policy of protection for domestic products from foreign competition and developing agricultural infrastructure to the extent that it is capable of achieving food security from both crops at all times.
Khalid Alkhazraji; Rabab A. Naser; Fatimah S. Zghair
Volume 24, Issue 2 , June 2024, Pages 44-53
Abstract
Object of this study was to describe the histological composition of the adrenal gland in immature and adult local domestic cats. Twenty four healthy cats, as twelve immature aged 2-3 months and twelve adult aged 11-12 months were used. Post euthanized of all cats, their abdominal dissected, identified ...
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Object of this study was to describe the histological composition of the adrenal gland in immature and adult local domestic cats. Twenty four healthy cats, as twelve immature aged 2-3 months and twelve adult aged 11-12 months were used. Post euthanized of all cats, their abdominal dissected, identified their adrenal glands and taken carefully. Proper specimens for histological assessment from glands were obtained and after fixation and processing routinely, thin sections prepared and stained. Histological results illustrated, in both ages of the cat, a connective tissue capsule encircled the gland. Two zones of tissues were represent the gland parenchyma including medullary region that hold chromaffin cells, and outer cortex which composed of glomerular, fasciculate, and reticular zones, which contain cells that differ in shape and arrangement. According to data analysis that related to measurements of basic structures of gland, it was revealed that significant differences in most them between the left and right gland as well as between both ages of cats. In conclusion, the study confirmed that the adrenal gland in immature cats showed a distinguish in formation of all basic structure of the gland despite the difference in the thickness of those structure from that of adult cats.
Awss Khairo
Volume 24, Issue 2 , June 2024, Pages 54-71
Abstract
Iraq’s farming sector is under increasing pressure to improve water use productivity as a result of the recent drought, environmental concerns regarding sustainable river ecosystems, and government policies on water metering and allocations. To cope with scarce supplies, deficit irrigation, and partial ...
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Iraq’s farming sector is under increasing pressure to improve water use productivity as a result of the recent drought, environmental concerns regarding sustainable river ecosystems, and government policies on water metering and allocations. To cope with scarce supplies, deficit irrigation, and partial rootzone drying, defined as the application of water below full crop-water requirements, is an important tool to achieve the goal of reducing irrigation water use. It is necessary to develop new irrigation scheduling approaches, not necessarily based on full crop water requirement, but ones designed to ensure the optimal use of allocated water. These two methods of irrigation are one way of maximizing water use efficiency (WUE) for higher yields per unit of irrigation water applied: the crop is exposed to a certain level of water stress either during a particular period or throughout the whole growing season. The expectation is that any yield reduction will be insignificant compared with the benefits gained through diverting the saved water to irrigate other crops. This paper reviews the yield response of the faba bean (Vicia faba L.). The deficit of irrigation on gypsiferous soils is not known. A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of deficit irrigation and partial drying of the root system on the growth and yield of the bean Randomized Complete Blocks (RCBD) design in gypsiferous soil in the fields of the College of Agriculture- Tikrit University, which is located on Latitude 49° 40ʹ 34˝ North and Longitude 40° 38ʹ 43˝ East At an altitude of 129 m above sea level. The study included seven treatments of full irrigation, deficit irrigation, 25, 50 %, and fixed, alternating partial drying. The seeds of the Barcelona variety were sown for the season on 16/10/2021 and harvested on 2/4/2022. The results showed that the full irrigation treatment gave the highest water consumption use of 635 mm, while the alternative partial root drying decreasing 50% gave the lowest water consumption use of 245 mm and gave the highest crop water use efficiency of 2.0 kg m-3. Treatment full irrigation gave the highest seed yield of 5186.3 kg.ha-1, While the 50% deficit irrigation treatment gave the highest dry weight of the root system, which was 25.6 gm.plant-1.
Zeina Nabil Al Azawi
Volume 24, Issue 2 , June 2024, Pages 72-80
Abstract
This study is the first and new record to the spider Scytodes univittata Simon, 1882 (Araneae:Scytodidae)in Baghdad /Iraq , the spiders Scytodes univittata were collect from province Baghdad in Iraq , genus Scytodes belong to the family Scytodidae it is one of the most family are wide ...
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This study is the first and new record to the spider Scytodes univittata Simon, 1882 (Araneae:Scytodidae)in Baghdad /Iraq , the spiders Scytodes univittata were collect from province Baghdad in Iraq , genus Scytodes belong to the family Scytodidae it is one of the most family are wide distribution around the world have 6 eyes and are slow moving , the genus Scytodes are known from the names spitting spiders ,.Female Scytodes univittata can be characteristic by :large round cephalothorax length:4.45 mm , abdomen length 3.50, total body length 7.95 mm and V-shaped of fovea, scutela triangle and large with long thin legs femur I have two row of spines then spineless are in IV femur , coloration is yellow or white brown with darker spot in upper side of carapace and abdomen.
Taha Shihab Ahmed; Bnar Jamal Jalal; Rajaa Mansour Hasaballa; Mustafa Rasheed Alqaisi
Volume 24, Issue 2 , June 2024, Pages 81-92
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the application of different farming programs. Three organic farming (P2, P3, P3) were used and compared with traditional programs (P1, chemical). Their effect in improving medicinal pumpkin seeds quality was examined. As a quality addition of supplying chain, the quantitative ...
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This study aimed to evaluate the application of different farming programs. Three organic farming (P2, P3, P3) were used and compared with traditional programs (P1, chemical). Their effect in improving medicinal pumpkin seeds quality was examined. As a quality addition of supplying chain, the quantitative and qualitative content of vitamins C and D3 were assayed. This plant seeds are considered of healthy and medical importance, and have their marketing placement. A big amount of the seeds have been consumed directly by human year round. Using the seeds in food production processes increased their nutritional value. The field experiment was conducted on two dates. The design used was the randomized complete block design. All data were collected and analyzed according to ANOVA table using Duncan’s multiple range test at P= 0.05. The results obtained showed significant distinguish of the organic farming program (P3) compared to the rest the programs used. This treatment had significant increase of vitamins C and D3 content in the seeds in the two dates (0.0883 mg l-1, 0.08671 mg l-1, 12.38 mg l-1 and 12.32 mg l-1 respectively). The other two organic programs (P2, P4) were significantly distinct compared to the traditional one (P1). The study concluded that these studied organic programs can be an effective choice to improve seed quality of this crop. The healthy and nutritional value are enhanced, and the side effects of traditional agriculture on the environment are reduced
Zaed J. Saed; Oday K. Hamad; Arkan Mohammed; Tareq K.H. Al-Jumaily
Volume 24, Issue 2 , June 2024, Pages 93-101
Abstract
The spread of food-borne illnesses through poultry is a major issue in many countries, including Iraq. Bacteria can be present in poultry products if proper hygiene and sanitation protocols are not followed during production and processing. This research aimed to examine the impact of zeolite on performance, ...
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The spread of food-borne illnesses through poultry is a major issue in many countries, including Iraq. Bacteria can be present in poultry products if proper hygiene and sanitation protocols are not followed during production and processing. This research aimed to examine the impact of zeolite on performance, immunity parameters, and gut histology. A total 162 one-day old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to a control group and two natural zeolite-supplemented groups, each containing 54 birds (with three replicates/group and 18 chickens/replicate). The group (control) was without any additives, while the other two groups were fed diets containing 1% or 0.5% natural zeolite (NZ). The findings indicated that the groups receiving 1% and 0.5% natural zeolite (NZ) showed significantly (p<0.05) higher BW and BWG compared to the group (control). Feed conversion ratio was affected by 0.5% natural zeolite (NZ) supplement compared to the control. There were no significant differences in production index (PI), spleen (%), bursa of Fabricius (%), total WBC, lymphocytes, heterophils and H/L ratio between the natural zeolite (NZ) groups and control. The research revealed that zeolite may have a beneficial effect on gut histology in broiler. Therefore, using zeolite as a feed supplement for poultry could improve performance
Saad Edan Abdullah Al_Raheem; Ahmed Hawas Abdullah Anees
Volume 24, Issue 2 , June 2024, Pages 102-114
Abstract
A field experiment was carried out at agricultural field in al-Alam the coordinates of (N 43.835672 - E 34.777260) district/Salahuddin Governorate during (2021 - 2022) A.D season to study, with the aim of evaluating the genotypes and positions in a crop using factorial mating and in these eight flax ...
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A field experiment was carried out at agricultural field in al-Alam the coordinates of (N 43.835672 - E 34.777260) district/Salahuddin Governorate during (2021 - 2022) A.D season to study, with the aim of evaluating the genotypes and positions in a crop using factorial mating and in these eight flax genotypes were used in this study it is (Sakha 1, Sakha 2, Sakha 3, Sakha 5, Sakha 6, Giza 8, Syrian local and Thorshansity72). and the first parents (males) and the remaining three (females) were chosen to obtain (15) hybrids If the selection was made on the basis of the genetic base of the genotypes, planted randomly and at different dates in the field, and the experiment was applied using a RCBD and with three replications, results and statistical analysis showed the superior genotype (Sakha1) for the traits of the number of capsules per plant (65.66) and the number of seeds in the capsule (9.79) seed capsulesˉ¹ and the yield of the individual plant (2.69) gm plantˉ¹ and the total yield (539.37) kg h-1 and superior hybrid (Sakha1×Syrian local), which significantly outperformed the traits of the number of capsules per plant (67.03) plant capsuleˉ¹, the number of seeds in the capsule (9.77) seed capsuleˉ¹ and the individual plant yield (2.64) g plantˉ¹ and the total yield (529.12) kg h-1. The best parents in the effects of general ability is Genotype (Sakha1) for the traits of the number of vegetative branches, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, and the superiority of the hybrid (Sakha1 × Syrian local) in the number of capsules per plant, number of seeds in the capsule, number of seeds per capsule, single plant yield and total and hybrid. Thus, it can be recommended to plant the varieties (Sakha1) (Sakha2) and (Sakha5) because their performance is distinguished in most of the traits under study.
Abdulla Azawi; Thaer Turky; Momtaz Isaak
Volume 24, Issue 2 , June 2024, Pages 115-130
Abstract
The utilization of agricultural machinery was fully mechanized for wheat production in Iraq. This study essentially aimed to inspect inputs – outputs energy for wheat production in Salah Al-Deen, Iraq. The data were obtained from 45 wheat farms by using face to face questionnaire method in 2022. The ...
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The utilization of agricultural machinery was fully mechanized for wheat production in Iraq. This study essentially aimed to inspect inputs – outputs energy for wheat production in Salah Al-Deen, Iraq. The data were obtained from 45 wheat farms by using face to face questionnaire method in 2022. The findings from this study were determined in five basic operations (i.e. tillage, sowing, fertilizing. spraying, and harvesting). Direct energy sources (fuel and human) accounted for about 51.39% of the total energy used in cultivation. Energy exemplified in fuel recorded the highest rate of the total expenditure of energy, with 51.09 % (6091.01MJ/ha). Farmers utilized nearly 879.11±39.77 MJ/ha of machinery energy, the highest rate of expenditure of machinery energy was in harvesting, which recorded 38.38 % (337.42 ± 23.89 MJ/ha) of the total energy of machinery used in the study. Results of analyzing the energy of fuel that farmers utilized indicated that operations of tillage were about 25.98 % (1582.29 ± 39.43 MJ/ha) of the total energy of fuel. This rate denoted the highest operation of fuel consumption. Harvesting operations followed it. These operations were implemented through the use of engines powered with diesel were about 23.43% (1427.05 ± 35.68 MJ/ha). The average energy input/output ratio was 4.40 for the wheat crop; while energy intensity was 1.79 MJ/kg for the wheat crop.
Ammar S. Ismaeal; Mohammed Jarullah Farhan farhan; Ayad Abdullah Khalaf
Volume 24, Issue 2 , June 2024, Pages 131-160
Abstract
The study used remote sensing to manage and monitor wheat crop health in some gypsiferous soil units. Five sites cultivated with wheat and irrigated by a central pivot irrigation system were selected within gypsiferous soil units in some agricultural lands. Soil and plant samples were collected at the ...
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The study used remote sensing to manage and monitor wheat crop health in some gypsiferous soil units. Five sites cultivated with wheat and irrigated by a central pivot irrigation system were selected within gypsiferous soil units in some agricultural lands. Soil and plant samples were collected at the best spectral and vegetative growth stage (grain filling stage) from each site. Three samples of the plant and soil were collected with three replicates, resulting in a total of (5 × 3 × 3 = 45 samples for both soil and plant). Samples were prepared for conducting laboratory analyses Satellite imagery of the OLI type from the Landsat 8 satellite, acquired on 24/2/2020, was used to calculate the following spectral indices: NDVI, SAVI, OSAVI, GOSAVI, GDVI, NDMI, CMFI, LAI. The results showed a variation in the concentration of fertile elements in the soil and plants between the study sites, with the third site relatively outperforming the other sites. On the other hand, we observed a variation in the values of spectral indices between the study sites for all the spectral indices and an increase in values with the progress and increase in the size of the canopy cover to reach the best spectral growth stage at the stage of ear fullness, which is the stage of spectral stability and appropriate for monitoring crop productivity and assessing plant health. The results also concluded that NDVI and LAI are among the most important pieces of evidence that have a strong relationship with plant density and estimation of its general condition, as the relationship was strong logarithmic and linear with nitrogen, as the values of R2 reached 0.91 and 0.88, respectively, and the value of the coefficient of determination R2 reached with The phosphorus concentration was 0.67 and 0.67, respectively. Also, the use of spectral indices depends on the spectral bands that fall at the wavelength of 0.6-0.7 micrometers, which is the region where a high absorption process occurs if the vegetation cover is intact and healthy, especially the NDVI index.
Abier Raouf Al-Qaissi; Shahbaa Hatiem Fouzi; Ayyub Juma AL-Baytay
Volume 24, Issue 2 , June 2024, Pages 161-177
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the fungus Aspergillus carbonarius in the synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) from copper chloride solution, with the characterization of these nanoparticles and the demonstration of their effectiveness in inhibiting the pathogenic fungus Fusarium ...
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This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the fungus Aspergillus carbonarius in the synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) from copper chloride solution, with the characterization of these nanoparticles and the demonstration of their effectiveness in inhibiting the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum causing tomato root rot disease. The results indicated that the treatment of copper chloride solution at 150 mM with A. carbonarius filtrate led to the production of CuNPs which characterized by a color change from blue to green, with the highest absorbance observed at 300 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed the crystalline structure with peaks at angles 28.47286, 47.43258, and 56.20644 ◦ corresponding to (111), (220), and (311) planes, respectively, matching the JCPDS card number 01-081-1841. Scanning electron microscopy images showed cubic, pyramidal, and prismatic shapes with dimensions ranging from 15 - 84.291 nm. In laboratory experiment, CuNPs inhibited the growth of the pathogenic fungus, with an inhibition zone of 1.6 cm, compared to copper chloride which recorded 0.9 cm. In the field, , the treatment of CuNPs led to an increase in the stress resistance indicators, reaching the highest values for CuNPs when combined with the fungicide Medazim in the American tomato cultivar. The concentrations of total phenols and glutathione in this treatment were 2.56 mg/g and 0.322 µg/g, respectively. The lowest concentration of proline was recorded as 4.31 µg/g in the treatment involving CuNPs against the fungal infection. CuNPs with the fungicide medazim, significantly outperformed other treatments, registering lowest disease severity at 12.22% in the American cultivar, compared to the highest disease severity was recorded in the treatment with the pathogenic fungus alone, reaching 91.16% in the Dutch cultivar. CuNPs significantly increased tomato fruit weight, both in healthy and infected plants. The American, Turkish, and Dutch tomato cultivars infected with the pathogenic fungus and treated with under + medazim showed higher productivity, reaching 6432.55, 6334.34, and 6305.73 g.plant-1, compared to the lowest productivity in the treatment of these cultivars with the pathogenic fungus, reaching 1008.34, 977.45, and 833.78 g.plant-1, respectively
Ghassan Zaidan; Kutaiba Y. Aied; Abdulkareem E. S. Alkurtany
Volume 24, Issue 2 , June 2024, Pages 178-196
Abstract
Growing potatoes requires great care because it needs large nutrients. Proper fertilization is a critical aspect of improving yield. This study comprises a field experiment to assess the impact of several fertilization approaches on the crop performance of potato (cv. Montreal). In this context, we used ...
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Growing potatoes requires great care because it needs large nutrients. Proper fertilization is a critical aspect of improving yield. This study comprises a field experiment to assess the impact of several fertilization approaches on the crop performance of potato (cv. Montreal). In this context, we used eight distinct fertilizer treatments: control (T0), standard mineral fertilizer (T1), substance mushroom spent (T2), cow + poultry manure (T3), compost (T4), 50% standard mineral fertilizer comprising substance mushroom spent (T5), 50% standard mineral fertilizer augmented with cow + poultry manure (T6) and 50% standard mineral fertilizer augmented with compost (T7). The results indicate that control treatment gave least days to mean germination time. While the standard mineral fertilizer (T1) had the highest values in chlorophyll content in leaves, single tuber weight, tuber count per plant, and plant yield. On the other hand, (T6) showed significant increment in number of tubers per plant. Meanwhile, (T7) treatment produced higher marketable yield and tuber per plant. Whereas, there are not significant difference among treatments in number of arial stems. on the other hand, these results were the lowest for the control treatment. Hence, the fertilization approach extensively impacts vegetative development and tuber yield.
Volume 24, Issue 2 , June 2024, Pages 197-213
Abstract
Abstract
A field experiment was carried out during the agricultural season 2021-2022 in two locations within the administrative borders of Nineveh Governorate, the first location in the Gleokhan area within the borders of Mosul Center and the second location within the administrative borders of Namrod ...
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Abstract
A field experiment was carried out during the agricultural season 2021-2022 in two locations within the administrative borders of Nineveh Governorate, the first location in the Gleokhan area within the borders of Mosul Center and the second location within the administrative borders of Namrod district, which is 45 km from the center of Mosul district, in order to know the effect of the balanced NPK 20:20:20 compound fertilizer nano the growth and yield of four varieties of bread wheat. The global experiment was carried out, which consisted of two factors, a randomized complete block design, and three replications. The first factor was fertilizer levels with four levels (1, 2, and 3 gm.L-1) added in two phases. The first is in the tillers stage (Z 2-1) and the second stage is at the beginning of the boating stage (Z 4-0) on the Zadoks scale, in addition to the comparison treatment, which was the traditional farmer’s method of fertilization (adding urea and dab fertilizer according to the times and quantities recommended by the Ministry Iraqi Agriculture), the second factor, four varieties of local bread wheat (Bhoth 22, Abu Ghraib, Rashid and Jihan), the following characteristics were studied: plant height, number of tillers, flag leaf area, total chlorophyll content of flag leaf, number of days up to 50% flowering, number of spikes, spike length, number of grains per spike, grain yield, weight of 1000 grains. The most important results of the study were as follows:
The comparison treatment (the traditional farmer's method) excelled in the total chlorophyll content of the Gleokhan site and in the number of spikes and weight of 1000 grains in the Namrod site, with values of (28.41 Spad, 267.75 spikes.m-2, and 44.91 g), respectively. The 1 g spray treatment excelled in the characteristics of the number of tillers, number of spikes, length of spike, grain yield, and weight of 1000 grains at the Gleokhan site, and in the two characteristics of leaf area and spike length at the Namrod site, with averages of (178.17 tiller.m-2, 100.08 spikes.m-2, 8.58 cm , 128.83 g.m-2, 35.20 g, 34.46 cm2 and 10.85 cm) in the aforementioned order. The 3 g spray treatment was superior in the characteristics of plant height for both sites, the number of days up to 50% flowering, and grain yield of the Namrod site, with rates of (54.42 cm, 80.77 cm, 135.83 days, and 332.17 g.m-2), respectively. No significant differences were recorded between the levels of fertilizer in terms of flag leaf area and number of days up to 50% flowering for Gleokhan site and number of grains per spike for both sites. The cultivar Bhoth 22 excelled in terms of total chlorophyll content and the weight of 1000 grains at the Gleokhan site, and for the characteristics of the number of tillers, number of days up to 50% flowering, number of spikes, and grain yield of the Namrod site, as averages were recorded (27.29 Spad, 34.23 g, 302.75 tiller.m-2, 134.92 days, 290.17 spike.m-2 and 405.42 g m-2) respectively. The Abu Ghraib cultivar achieved superiority in the number of grains per spike at Al-Namrod site, with an average of (46.43 grains.spike-1). The cultivar Rashid excelled in the characteristics of the number of tillers, number of spikes, and spike length at the Gleokhan site, and for the two characteristics of the flag leaf area and spike length at the Namrod site, where the rates were recorded (169.08 tiller.m-2, 104.58 spike.m-2, 8.56 cm, 34.55 cm2 and 12.98 cm), respectively. The cultivar Jihan achieved superiority in the two characteristics of the number of days up to 50% flowering and grain yield at Gleokhan site, with values of (131 days and 108.08 g.m-2), respectively. No significant differences were recorded between the cultivars included in the study in the characteristics of plant height, flag leaf area, number of grains per spike for Gleokhan site, and for the two characteristics of total chlorophyll content and weight of 1000 grains for Namrod site. The interaction of 1 g spray treatment with Jihan cultivar recorded the highest average grain yield at Gleokhan site, and the 3 g spray treatment with Bhoth 22 cultivar had the highest average grain yield at Namrod site with values of (301 and 487.67 g.m-2), respectively.
Shabaz H. Hama; Kadhm A. Muhammad
Volume 24, Issue 2 , June 2024, Pages 214-222
Abstract
To study the bioactive substances of the walnut kernel of six cultivars which were newly selected from Kurdistan-Iraq and one type import from America, analyzed for their phytochemical contents and antioxidant activities. HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatography) was used for phenolic compound estimation, ...
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To study the bioactive substances of the walnut kernel of six cultivars which were newly selected from Kurdistan-Iraq and one type import from America, analyzed for their phytochemical contents and antioxidant activities. HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatography) was used for phenolic compound estimation, GC (Gas chromatography) for fatty acid analysis, and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical-scavenging. In terms of fatty acids, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid of all seven types we analyzed, all of them had a significant result. As for antioxidants, the same as before, the antioxidants were significant for all the chosen samples. In terms of phenolic compounds, quinic acid, gallic acid, 1,2,3,6 trigalloyl glucose, vanillic acid, syringic acid, and rutin, all types were significant as well. Finally, our results show that most of them were of high significance. Some regions in the Kurdistan region of Iraq showed high results for important secondary products, while the American counterpart is lower but still better than some of the Kurdistan region walnuts
Kazhan Jamal Hassan; Mohammed Omer Sakina; Bekhal Qasim Mohammed; Chawan Mohammed Salih
Volume 24, Issue 2 , June 2024, Pages 223-234
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the role of rural women in production and marketing of agricultural products in Zalm village, and identify the differences in production and marketing of agricultural products of rural women’s role according to some variables ...
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The aim of this study was to determine the role of rural women in production and marketing of agricultural products in Zalm village, and identify the differences in production and marketing of agricultural products of rural women’s role according to some variables (Age, Level of Education, Marital status, number of family, Standard of Living, Profession and Women’s income). The research population involved all women in zalm village included (50) women. The data was collected through personal interviews; questionnaire was prepared for this purpose, to confirm the validity the questionnaire was reviewed by some experts. The results showed that the Role of rural women’s in Agricultural production was medium tend to low, while the Role of rural women’s in marketing of agricultural products was low tend to medium. The results indicated significant differences in women’s role of agricultural production according to (Level of Education, Standard of Living, and profession), while no-significant differences according to (age, Marital status, number of family, Women’s income), also The results appeared significant differences in women’s role of agricultural marketing according (Level of Education, and profession), while no significant differences according (age, Marital status, number of family, Standard of Living, Women’s income). Depending on the results we conclude that the work in the agricultural sector has changed due to the lack of government support for farmers in terms of providing agriculture Requirements for production or marketing of their products. The result shows that the level of education affects the role of women in production and marketing, as well as educational levels leads to an increase in their awareness and culture, and the expanding their knowledge of the importance of the agricultural sector. The Researcher recommended encouraging and supporting rural women to engage in agricultural work by the responsible authorities, and increasing their awareness of the importance of working in this field through the use of various extension methods, as well as working to provide agricultural production and marketing requirements so that their potential is properly exploited for the development of the agricultural sector.
Wijdan I.A. Abd-alwahab; Roaa J. J. Al-Assie; Ashraf Kamil Azeez; Ghadir Kamil Ghadir
Volume 24, Issue 2 , June 2024, Pages 235-245
Abstract
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted in the laboratory animal house at the College of Education/University of Samarra to establish and evaluate and treatment the effect of ultraviolet radiation (UV) on the health and functions of the pancreas and liver by use the carotenoids that extracted from Rhodotorula ...
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ABSTRACT
This study was conducted in the laboratory animal house at the College of Education/University of Samarra to establish and evaluate and treatment the effect of ultraviolet radiation (UV) on the health and functions of the pancreas and liver by use the carotenoids that extracted from Rhodotorula glutinis yeast and Lactobacillus acidophilus as probiotic. 28 male laboratory rats were used and divided into four groups with 7 animals in each group, the experiment period 28 days, including 24 hours representing the period of exposure to ultraviolet radiation before treatment. The results showed significant increase (P˂0.05) in concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, bilirubin and activity of ALT, AST and ALP in group that exposed to ultraviolet radiation in compared with the healthy control group, whereas, observed significantly decrease of all previous parameters in the groups that treated with probiotic and the carotenoids in comparison with ultraviolet radiation group, and repair of the damage that occur in tissues of pancreas and liver result from the effect of ultraviolet rays.
Ashraf O. Khashroum
Volume 24, Issue 2 , June 2024, Pages 246-259
Abstract
The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of climate change on the characteristics of raw domestic wastewater, sedimentation pond water, and treated wastewater. The wastewater samples were collected from Khirbet Assamra wastewater treatment plant (KSWTP) in Azzarga Governorate in the Middle ...
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The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of climate change on the characteristics of raw domestic wastewater, sedimentation pond water, and treated wastewater. The wastewater samples were collected from Khirbet Assamra wastewater treatment plant (KSWTP) in Azzarga Governorate in the Middle Region of Jordan. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistical tests were used for describtion and comparison purposes. Statistical analysis aimed at evaluating the ability of the sedimentation process to purify the water and assessing the overall wastewater treatment efficiciency of KSWTP. The results of the analysis showed that there are significant differences between the raw domestic wastewater, sedimentation pond water, and treated wastewater in pH (F = 15.486, df = 149, p = .000), the chemical oxygen demand (F = 2486.459, df = 149, p = .000), biochemical oxygen demand (F = 2298.142, df = 149, p = .000), ammonium ion concentration (F = 4645.039, df = 149, p = .000), total Kjeldahl nitrogen concentration (F = 5908.067, df = 149, p = .000), and the concentration of the total suspended solids (F = 715,376, df = 149, p = .000). When the characteristics of the raw domestic wastewater were compared with the characteristics of the treated wastewater, it was found that the wastewater treatment reduced the concentrations of total phosphorous and oil and grease and the counts of faecal coliform bacteria but had no significant effect on the mean water temperature and the concentration of dissolved phosphorous. It can be concluded that domestic wastewater treatment in KSWTP was to a large extent efficient in reducing the concentrations of total phosphorous and oil and grease and the counts of the faecal coliform bacteria in the treated wastewater. Further research is needed to compare levels of performance of other wastewater treatment methods with the method applied in KSWTP
Saif Saad Turki; Nameer Kh. Mohammed; Belal J. Muhialdin; Anis S. Hussin
Volume 24, Issue 2 , June 2024, Pages 260-279
Abstract
A nanoemulsion of Iraqi Amber rice bran oil (NARBO) was prepared using an ultrasonic method. The nanoemulsions: NE1, NE2, and NE3 were formulated using an emulsifier (Tween 80 and sodium caseinate) in a ratio of 1:1 and at a concentration of (1.5, 2, 2.5%), and were examined to ensure their stability ...
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A nanoemulsion of Iraqi Amber rice bran oil (NARBO) was prepared using an ultrasonic method. The nanoemulsions: NE1, NE2, and NE3 were formulated using an emulsifier (Tween 80 and sodium caseinate) in a ratio of 1:1 and at a concentration of (1.5, 2, 2.5%), and were examined to ensure their stability and physicochemical properties. All nanoemulsions carried a negative charge for zeta potential ranging between -31.51 and -18.52, with the highest value recorded in NE1 on day 7. The negative zeta potential increased on day 7 for all prepared nanoemulsions. and concerning droplet size, it ranged (from 89.4 to 144.2 nm), and the smallest size was recorded in NE3. Increasing the emulsifier concentration resulted in decreased droplet sizes. All nanoemulsions had good droplet size distribution, with a Polydispersity Index of less than 0.3. FE-SEM images revealed that the nanoemulsion droplets were spherical, uniformly distributed, and well-coated at all emulsifier concentrations. Viscosity values ranged between (3.5 to 6.2 cP) and increased with the concentration of emulsifier. From the results of the stability test, it can be concluded that NE3 was the most stable during the period studied, as the lipid index (CI) remained zero until the seventh day. The highest value of oil encapsulation efficiency (EE) (97.60%) was recorded in NE3. These results showed that a stable nanoemulsion was successfully prepared from Iraqi amber rice bran oil, which could represent a promising solution for improving the stability and bioavailability of the oil and the active and effective compounds it contains.
Bekhal M. Hama; Shilan Mahmood Ahmed; Mihraban Sharif Maeruf; Nawroz Abdul-razzak Tahir
Volume 24, Issue 2 , June 2024, Pages 280-297
Abstract
Water deficit stress triggers complex physiological and biochemical retorts in plants. Different plant species have also involved numerous morphological, physiological, biochemical, cellular, and molecular mechanisms to overcome drought stress conditions. This experiment was conducted at the College ...
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Water deficit stress triggers complex physiological and biochemical retorts in plants. Different plant species have also involved numerous morphological, physiological, biochemical, cellular, and molecular mechanisms to overcome drought stress conditions. This experiment was conducted at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Kurdistan region, Iraq, during April 2021 to study the effects of four treatments of licorice [T1: control with no licorice powder and extract; T2: licorice powder with soil; T3: licorice extract sprayed at 2 weeks after emergence and twice a week thereafter; and T4: licorice powder with soil, and licorice extract sprayed at 2 weeks after emergence and twice a week thereafter] on the vegetative parameters of six maize genotypes under water stress conditions. A factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 replications was applied in this research. The results obtained indicated that, there was genetic variation among the genotypes in the response to water stress. The maximum shoot length, shoot dry weight, leaf area index, proline content, soluble sugar content, and total phenolic content were exhibited by genotype (PR36 BO8) with 49.462 cm, 5.244 g, 0.941, 2844.166 µg g-1, 248.055 µg g-1, and 174.681 µg g-1 respectively, while minimum shoot length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root length, and root fresh weight were shown by genotype (ZP 434 XA) with 37.05 cm, 29.511 g, 3.357 g, 54.104 cm, and 17.493 g, respectively. This means, genotype (PR36 BO8) is more tolerant to water stress conditions compared to the genotype (ZP 434 XA) that is more susceptible. The second treatment (T2) had a more significant effect on most of the studied criteria compared to other treatments.
Heba A. Abd-Alsalam Alsalame; Layla S. Laylani
Volume 24, Issue 2 , June 2024, Pages 298-310
Abstract
Liver cancer is the most common type of cancer, it take place due to several toxic materials and drugs metabolism in our life . the surgical intervention is the main solution for treatment of liver cancer . In this study we investigate the efficiency of Vernonia amygdalina (VA) ...
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Liver cancer is the most common type of cancer, it take place due to several toxic materials and drugs metabolism in our life . the surgical intervention is the main solution for treatment of liver cancer . In this study we investigate the efficiency of Vernonia amygdalina (VA) leafs phenolic extracts against hepatic tumor and renal injury induced by thioacetamide (TAA). Fourty adult males rats were used for this study and divided randomly into four equal groups (10 animals for each group) , First negative (G1) Group was given distilled water, Second positive group (G2) was IP injected with 200 mg/kg inter of TAA twice a week, While the third group (G3) was gavaged 100 mg/kg (VA), The last group (G4) taken 200 mg/kg of TAA and 100 mg/kg (VA) , After 14 weeks , the following parameters were measure ALP , ALT , AST , TB , Urea , Cr , TGF-β , A-II , Renin, ACE , ,MDA , GSH, SOD , ,TNF-α and IL-10 to evaluation the effectiveness of Vernonia amygdalina(VA) leafs extracts . the result showed that treatment with VA enhance normal liver and kidney function as well as show its effectiveness against liver cancer and renal abnormalities .
Tariq Kh. M. Albashr; Suhad Al-Magsoosi; Nashmil Jawhar Rashid; Zaid Kh. Khidhir
Volume 24, Issue 2 , June 2024, Pages 311-327
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the level of heavy metal residues in different parts of local chicken meat (thigh, bone, liver, and breast) obtaining from different houses in the Iraqi cities of Tikrit and Beji. Heavy metal contamination in poultry products is a major concern due to its ...
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The aim of this study was to determine the level of heavy metal residues in different parts of local chicken meat (thigh, bone, liver, and breast) obtaining from different houses in the Iraqi cities of Tikrit and Beji. Heavy metal contamination in poultry products is a major concern due to its potential health effects on consumers. Samples were collected from local markets and analyzed for the presence of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), and lead (Pb) using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The results indicated that chicken parts all sampled contained detectable level of heavy metals, with concentrations varying between parts. The high level of heavy metals cadmium (Cd) in the liver part in Tikrit was (0.422), also addition the high level of heavy metals copper (Cu) in L the liver part in Beji was (1.923), also the high level of heavy metals cobalt (Co) in the bone part in Tikrit was (1.403) and the high level of heavy metals lead (Pb) in the bone part in Tikrit was (1.045), indicating regional differences in contamination. These results emphasize the importance of monitoring heavy metal levels in different parts of chicken to ensure food safety and public health
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