Supposed A proposal For Developing the Agricultural Extension Organization in Iraq and Activating Its Role in Achieving Sustainable Development

The study aimed to present a proposed theoretical vision for the development of the agricultural extension organization in Iraq that meets the needs of farmers and activates the extension role in achieving sustainable agricultural development, by studying the reality of extension work and diagnosing its weaknesses. The study was used the qualitative research approach that depends on reviewing previous research and studies in studying the phenomenon and diagnosing Its weaknesses, and in the light of this study, a proposed vision was presented to develop the agricultural extension organization in Iraq as an organizational structure, activities and tasks that should be activated in a manner that ensures the achievement of sustainable agricultural development. The study recommended policy and decision makers in the Ministry of Agriculture and the Agricultural Extension and Training Office to benefit from this study and put its results into application.


INTRODUCTION
In light of the application of many countries in many countries of the world policies and programs of economic reform and structural adjustment and the emergence of the concepts of sustainable development, protection of the environment and the preservation of biodiversity and the resulting effects, in addition to the importance of the participation of the target groups of the rural population in development programs, the importance of the role has grown. What agricultural extension agencies can do with these groups to counter the effects resulting from the liberalization of the agricultural sector and subject agricultural production to free market economies, by accelerating the rates of agricultural technology transfer and raising farmers' awareness of its proper application, in order to raise the productive unit and access to increase productivity that achieves a return The financial reward for the farmer in light of competition and market mechanisms, (Al- Radi, 2010) Agricultural extension is the effective device on which the success of development performance depends, and its efficiency and effectiveness, so that the extension organization achieves its goals. ( Al-Taiy et al, 2021), indicate that the existence of an effective national extension system is the main key to facing the current and future challenges of the agricultural sector (Al-Taiy e tal. 2021).
While (Swilam 2013) confirms that the concept of the effectiveness of the extension system is the degree to which the organization satisfies the needs of the public who deal with it, whether they are individuals or group , and in a manner that guarantees the achievement of sustainable agricultural development, whether for them or their communities. (Swilam, 2013). In light of the information technology revolution that turned the world into a small village, and changed our lives in every detail. It represents a huge force that can be benefited from in extension work, and educating people in general and rural people in particular, and at the same time it is possible to overcome two major barriers between extension agencies and their direct relationship with farmers, namely: 1-The geographical dimension of the scope of agricultural extension work. 2-Absence of transportation facilities that are not available for Agents of extension (Ibtihal, 2011). However, the work of agricultural extension in Iraq, despite all this progress, is still weak and has not been presented or played the role expected of it to provide. Many extension studies in Iraq have identified many shortcomings in it, whether at the level of the extension organization or its workers (Al-Tai et al., 2021), From this point of view and in light of the tremendous development in the extension systems in many developed countries (such as the United States of America, Canada, Australia, Denmark) and as a result of the reform movement witnessed by the Agricultural extension organizations in many of the developing table, including Iraq, the process of reforming, improving or modernizing the extension organization has become Agriculture in Iraq is an urgent necessity.
The process of indicative system reform and modernization has been linked to some concepts such as decentralization, privatization, pluralism, competition, participatory. (Rivera, 2001), (Qamar, 2005) ( Rivera, 2003) and (Abdul-Maqsoud, 2017), (Shibli, 2013), (Al-Taiy, 2014) (Al-Taiy, etal 2021. In order to shed light on the reality of agricultural extension in Iraq, which (Al-Taiy) and his colleagues 2021) heralded its failure to respond to the needs of farmers in achieving sustainable growth in agricultural productivity and production, preserving basic natural resources such as land and water, and stopping their deterioration in a way that improves farmers' incomes on farms. and consequently, their standard of living. (Al-Taiy et al., 2021). Which requires a review of its organization in order to reform and modernize it. Therefore, this study came Research Objectives First: -Identifying the weaknesses in the organization of agricultural extension in Iraq that limit its role in achieving sustainable agricultural development. Second -Determining the requirements for developing the agricultural extension organization in Iraq, which enhances its role in achieving sustainable agricultural development MATERIALS AND METHODS The research comes within the framework of qualitative researches (Al-Jadri,2018), which is a modern approach in social research so that it does not use statistical or quantitative methods to reach the results, but is based on the results of previous research and studies related to the phenomenon studied RESULTS OF RESEARCH First: -Identifying the weaknesses in the organization of agricultural extension in Iraq that limit its role in achieving sustainable agricultural development . A -The results of one of the studies showed the absence of a clear vision and strategic analysis of the organization, which caused the guiding policies to falter, the weaknesses outweighing the strengths, and the threats being imposed on the organization (Al-Samarrai and Sahab, 2109) B -The extension organization in Iraq begins with the central extension organization (the Agricultural Extension and Training Department) and ends with the agricultural extension agents in the district or sub-district and not in the village (Al-Ajili, 2006) C -The absence of administrative linkage between the levels of extension organization and the difference in administrative dependency between the extension units, where the extension department in the province is affiliated to the province's Agriculture Directorate, while the extension training center in the same province is affiliated to the Agricultural Training and Extension Department in Baghdad (Al-Ta'i and Sahab, 2006) d-The old approach is still the one used in extension work in Iraq, which has resulted in weak extension coverage and poor access of women, rural youth and most poor farmers to the extension service, as well as the weakness of the feasibility and effectiveness of the extension service (Al-Ta'i, 2014) C-The absence or weakness of the relationship between agricultural extension and agricultural research and education agencies, as well as with other agricultural organizations (Khidir and Sahab, 2019) .) H-Weak participation of farmers and their representatives in extension activities and events (Jassim and Sahab, 2021) G-Weak motives of extension workers towards extension work as well as job training (Al-Ajili, 2014) . D-Low level of job satisfaction for agricultural extension workers (Younis and Sahab, 2018) Y-Weakness and lack of agricultural organizations. T-Absence of well-studied in extension programs, as well as shortcomings in human and material capabilities such as qualified individuals and financial funding, and the weakness and lack of use of indicative methods and aids required in extension work (Al-Ajwan and Sahab, 2021) .) G-Weak transfer and dissemination of technologies. (Mohi and Sahab, 2020) Q-Weak application of scientific recommendations related to the settlement of technology in the fields of farmers (Al-Zubaidi and Sahab, 2020), (Waheeb and Sahab 2020). U-Poor job and agricultural training (Al-Heibi and Sahab, 2013) In light of the foregoing, and in order to update and reform the extension organization and to benefit from previous studies, especially the studies of Al-Ta'i, 2014 and the study of Al-Taiy 2021 and other studies, we present our vision for the requirements of developing the extension organization and activating the role of agricultural extension in applying research results, settling technology and adopting sustainable agriculture, Focusing on two aspects: -First: -The organizational Structure Second -The programs and activities required to activate the role of agricultural extension in transferring research results, settling technology and achieving sustainable development: Therefore, we will present an explanation of the most important studies and proposals that were put forward for their reform and improvement, and my agency First, the organizational structure 1-Reform of the extension approach used: (Al-Taiy and his colleagues 2021) refer to the multiplicity and diversity of approaches that the countries of the world have applied in updating or reforming their Agriculture. Extension Systems, and confirms the absence of an approach or direction that is suitable for application in all regions and circumstances, even if it is proven to be successful in certain regions. Therefore, choosing the curriculum is a challenge facing the policy maker and the decision maker in agriculture and extension, and it should be studied in all its aspects. After analyzing the agricultural and extension environment and the directions of national development plans, Al-Taiy suggests that it be taken with the approach of comprehensive pluralism and quality to develop the agricultural extension response to the needs of farmers in Iraq, as it combines the two approaches Comprehensive pluralism that achieves the partnership of the public and private sectors in providing the extension service and is consistent with the scientific attitudess in sustainable agricultural development and the national development plans in Iraq that call for the partnership of the private and governmental sectors and civil society organizations. The idea of merging the two approaches is suitable for overcoming cases of weakness in the extension service in the country, which is still being provided by one governmental organization for more than half a century. In its presentation by governmental and non-governmental actors, as well as inclusiveness, that is, it seeks It is designed for farmers with weak resources, women and youth, and is designed to meet the capabilities and needs of farmers on an ongoing basis . 2-Decentralization: It means a pattern in the distribution of powers and responsibilities between the center and branches, and in agricultural extension, it is often seen as transferring the powers of the center to branches or lower levels of organization in order to be more adaptive and appropriate to the needs of the targets and in the light of the study of extension organization in Iraq and analysis of its reality adopts The research institutional arrangement proposed by (Al-Tai, 2014) is the most appropriate for Iraq at the current stage A-To authorize the extension organization in the Agricultural governate, including the extension farm, if any, the authority to plan the extension activity for the division's work area (decentralized, not integrated), and specifically to prepare an annual extension work plan with the participation of farmers based on the needs and basic problems for them in each province within the work of the Agricultural Division and in light of The conditions and characteristics of the targeted agricultural systems, as well as the implementation of that plan after its approval . B-To authorize the Extension organization in the governorate (the Extension Department and the Extension Center) the authority to review the Extension work plans for the guiding people technically and coordinating them, assemble and prepare them in the form of an annual guiding work program for the governorate C -Authorizing the Governorate Agriculture Directorate the authority to approve the indicative work plan for the Agricultural Division and to monitor the financial allocations necessary for its implementation. D -The approval of the annual extension works programs for the governorates (approving the extension work plan for the agricultural people), and monitoring of the financial allocations necessary for its implementation. Improving the administrative and technical capabilities of employees at all organizational levels so that they can carry out their responsibilities 3-The supreme administration of the extension organization in each governorate: -For the purpose of taking the necessary legislative measures to implement what has been mentioned and coordinate work between extension and development organizations that adopt similar goals, an agricultural extension council must be formed in each governorate consisting of the dean of the College of Agriculture in the province, the oldest professors of agricultural extension at the College of Agriculture, the director of the province's agriculture and the directors of agricultural organizations related to work In addition to the head of farmers' organizations (for example, agricultural associations), this council chooses a president and is administratively linked to the Ministry of Agriculture and a technician to the governorate who is responsible for achieving cooperation and coordination between the extension and agricultural organizations in the governorate Second -The programs and activities required to activate the role of agricultural extension in achieving sustainable agricultural development In order to develop and sustain natural resources in a way that ensures the achievement of sustainable agricultural development, a role that guarantees the localization of technology, it requires, in addition to the reforms that were mentioned and related to the organizational structure of extension institutions, that they support a set of requirements that the research sees as ensuring their implementation and support by the Agricultural Extension Agency that ensures the achievement of agricultural development sustainable, where agricultural extension plays the main role in following up and supporting it, which are;-

1-Dissemination and adoption of agricultural innovations and technologies
Perhaps the most important characteristic of today's world is the intensive attempts that are being made to use the latest innovations and techniques that result from the results of basic and applied scientific research in daily life, which is known as technology. The present time as a basis for determining the position of any of the contemporary societies on the continuity of underdevelopment -progress. The greater the ability of a society to use these innovations and technologies, and the shorter the time period between their emergence or their appearance and use of them, the greater this society will make strides in the direction of progress. Accordingly, the modernization and development of the Iraqi agricultural sector depends on what is known as the process of widespread dissemination of agricultural innovations among farmers, and the process of adopting these innovations by these farmers. It is known that technology has an effect in increasing productivity, through its effect in raising the production function, and this means more production from the same unit of production factors. It can be said that unless the rate of use of the most modern production methods and elements that include technical progress is increased, and the human element in agriculture is not developed, then there is almost little hope of transforming traditional Iraqi agriculture into advanced agriculture, as the dissemination of innovations among farmers and their adoption of them entails economic use. Optimization and sustainability of their resources -especially water -and the advancement of their production rates, and then the Iraqi agriculture develops and becomes more modern. This role plays in agricultural extension the main axis of its connection with human behavior and is the main focus of extension work. (Rogers, E, M, 2003).

-Preparing the farms to speed up the adoption process: -
Many results of scientific research have shown that farmers, whoever they are, do not adopt agricultural innovations as soon as they hear about it or disseminate it among them, as the time from initial knowledge of any of them until the final adoption of it can range between days and several years, and that the decision to adopt is usually the result of a series of Successive influences and events that occur over time rather than a sudden shift in an individual's life. Here we must emphasize that the extension audience is a heterogeneous group of people that varies according to resources, social conditions, age...etc. Communication theories indicate that the profound impact of agricultural innovations rarely occurs among heterogeneous groups, or occurs at a very slow pace. Accordingly, the mentor must identify homogeneous groups in order to facilitate effective technology transfer. As well as the use of all guiding methods and means to support the idea of technology among farmers, provide the necessary conditions for its application in an easy way, address each group with a psychological impact on them and encourage them to search for this technology, as well as clarify the economic, environmental and social returns that will accrue to the farmer from the application of these technologies. All of this requires an effort from the agricultural extension worker and continued support when the farmer begins the adoption process in order to make sure of the correct application of it, while using the methods of motivation, appreciation and competition between farmers to encourage them to continue adoption. (Al-Samarrai & Adnan 1990) 3 -Activating the reciprocal relationship between agricultural extension and agricultural research: -Agricultural research, the product of scientific research, is the solid foundation which the agricultural renaissance is based in any modern country. The Agricultural Extension Agency is the organization responsible for transferring and communicating the results of this research from its sources to those who need to apply it, namely the farmers. This indicates the close link between extension and agricultural research, and this requires that there be a mechanism for cooperation and close and continuous communication between research and extension men. Extension without continuous and renewed applied research cannot achieve its goals. Similarly, agricultural research without an effective extension device that communicates its results to farmers becomes useless and useless. The extension also provides research with the problems and urgent needs of farmers so that they are realistic study points and not assumed by the researcher. Accordingly, it can be said that agricultural extension and agricultural scientific research grow, rise and develop whenever the movement of interaction between them becomes active and the more interdependence increases between them, as agricultural extension is the link between the farmer and agricultural research (Khaled and Sahab, 2018).

4-Supporting the concept of participation in building Extension programs
Demands related to the need to support the concept of participation by farmers and leaders in building extension programs at all stages, and defining extension goals in terms of the actual needs of farmers, and not on assumptions stemming from the beliefs of those in charge of extension work, have been increasing in recent times. In which the beneficiaries were involved in its various stages, and even the speed of adoption of the ideas stemming from it, compared to the programs that were imposed on people. Rather, the concept of participation goes beyond the importance of the private sector's participation in agricultural research and agricultural extension so that those participating parties are partners in the generation and transfer of technology, as private institutions such as seed and chemical companies and agricultural offices play a major role in developing some types of technology, providing the necessary inputs to them, and providing suppor And advice to farmers about its use, through coordination and cooperation with agricultural extension, and therefore there will be a double benefit for all parties involved in this interaction, whether agricultural extension, research, farmers, or the agricultural companies themselves, and all this interaction will be in the interest of agricultural production and development sustainable agriculture (Swanson, 1997 )

5-Raising the efficiency and productivity of the farms
The agricultural extension plays a major role in raising the productive efficiency of the farmer, through its educational role for the farmer on how to achieve that efficiency, which is defined as "the use of production elements or inputs from land, work, capital and organization in proportions that achieve the maximum possible profit from the production of agricultural commodities." Or it is defined as "the quantity of production for each factor of production" (Al-Tanobi, 1996). This means that agricultural extension has a vital role in activating the agricultural work cycle of the farmer in terms of being inputs, operations and outputs, as well as raising the productive efficiency by obtaining the largest possible return from the production unit, rationalizing the elements of agricultural production, and increasing agricultural productivity, which agricultural extension can achieve Through his educational role in achieving the following cases:-High output volume with constant input size.

High output volume with low input volume
The higher the volume of inputs, but the higher the volume of the outputs. Reducing the size of the inputs while keeping the size of the output's constant Agricultural extension plays an important role in this regard by developing implementing and following up extension programs in accordance with the economic indicators drawn by planners, because the agricultural extension systems must work within the framework of the state's general strategy. In order to ensure the achievement of all kinds of development, including sustainable agricultural development.

6-Diffusion the idea of agricultural industrialization and small agricultural projects (Jameh, 2019): -
The agricultural sector can be considered one of the important economic sectors in Iraq in terms of the size of the work force, and this requires that this sector continue to absorb more new employment and provide job opportunities on an ongoing basis. Here, a question comes to mind: Is there a steady need for vacancies? Do these jobs not represent a form of disguised unemployment? Will these human energies really be utilized and directed to achieve real economic development? If the answer is in the affirmative, there is no problem. But the problem arises if the energies of youth are wasted and wasted without benefiting from it. Accordingly, these young people must be directed to work in small agricultural projects. A 2017 report prepared by the Food and Agriculture Organization says that "changes in production of food crops have a significant impact on economic growth rates, poverty and food security." Agribusiness is responding to the rising demand for highvalue commodities, processed products and prepared foods, expanding the range of markets for farmers and giving them significant opportunities to add value to the agribusiness. greater than what is achieved by primary production, and this can only be done through agricultural industrialization. There is an urgent need at the present time to sustain and maintain natural resources by encouraging young people to set up productive projects through extension and counseling to exploit rural energies and potentials to increase production and to meet the growing needs of the population (Al-Ajili, 2021)

7-Reducing waste and rationalizing consumption
Agricultural waste is a term we are used to without thinking about its negative effects, whether on the agricultural sector or export. This ghost prevents the expansion of agricultural production and the opening of new horizons for export, especially since experts confirmed that we suffer from a loss of 30% of agricultural crops and 20% in vegetables and 20% in fruits. This comes as a result of many wrong agricultural practices, as well as the weakness of the capabilities available to the farmer or producer. The study of the Agricultural Development Fund related to the development of handling and marketing methods for agricultural crops (vegetables and fruits) identified 9 obstacles facing the transfer and marketing of agricultural crops in Iraq, including: poor agricultural marketing efficiency, weak supply chain from farms to markets, high percentage of crop losses during marketing stages The use of unqualified transportation methods, the inefficiency of the marketing tasks and services that are carried out for the product from the production stage until its arrival to the consumer, the difficulty of completing the sorting, packaging and storage process by scientific methods, the poor appropriate infrastructure in the agricultural areas, the lack of technical information, the lack of systems, information and legislation Necessary to protect markets from crops imported from neighboring countries.
This is in addition to the percentage of losses that are due to the imbalance of planting dates, the inappropriateness of the varieties, the disruption of agricultural processes that affect production, the harvesting and manual collection of crops and the attendant high rates of loss in production.... etc of agricultural operations that negatively affect the Agricultural Production. Here, it can be said that agricultural extension has a role, but rather a fertile field for preparing extension programs aimed at reducing losses from those crops, either by modifying the productive behavior of farmers, or by introducing the idea of agricultural industrialization and mechanization of agriculture 8-Reducing environmental and food pollution The great attention given to the issue of environmental pollution in agricultural areas at the present time as a result of exposure to the problems of pollution with agricultural pesticides, fertilizers and others such as the remains of dead animals and their remains, and the burning of the remains of agricultural crops. As the increase in cultivated areas and the need to obtain abundant production of good quality requires the use of a lot of fertilizers and chemicals in the control as insecticides to reduce the damage of insects, fungi and viruses, as well as weeds that parasitize on crops or are the source of infection with diseases, insects and rodents' locusts and other pests.
The use of fertilizers in order to increase production in good quality by providing the nutrients necessary for plant growth, and the misuse of these materials increases the pollution of the environment as a result of the leakage of part of this substance through the air, water or soil, and the issue of agricultural pollution includes many paragraphs, the most important of which are: Pollution with pesticides, fertilizers and toxins secreted by some plants, fungi, bacteria, enzymes, soil salinity, disposal of infected and control crop residues and animal excreta.....etc. This explains the impact of human behavior on the occurrence of this pollution, and it emphasizes the importance of The educational guiding role in its concept, which seeks to bring about desirable behavioral changes in order to preserve the environment, and that protecting the environment from pollution will only be achieved by facilitating the behavior of farmers during their dealing with pollutants, and providing them with knowledge and skills and changing their attitudes towards some daily agricultural practices that negatively affect the environment ( Al-Obaidi and Sahab 2021) as it necessarily leads to food pollution, which affects human health, and this guiding role would preserve the available and limited natural resources such as water and resources Other natural resources, including the development of vegetation cover and urging farmers to preserve it, rather encouraging them to plant trees and windbreaks to reduce the phenomenon of desertification, which has become a worrying threat to all in Iraq.

-Training in Agricultural Extension
It is known that the workforce is the main element in the production process, and therefore training is one of the important factors in increasing productivity. Therefore, a society that seeks comprehensive development of all kinds must have the knowledge, skills and means necessary to understand problems, analyze them and find solutions to them. All of which are activities in which agricultural extension can competently contribute. Where training is defined as "the process by which an individual can be assisted in the work he is currently practicing or likely to do in the future to obtain sufficient experience in this work." This comes by forming and developing appropriate habits of thinking and work or acquiring skills and knowledge, so that this training leads to changing undesirable trends and confirming the desired trends for the trainee, as Hambin stresses that training is a type of experience through which learning can be reached that leads to improvement in Conduct current or future work for farms and leaders in particular. Training is also a "planned activity aimed at bringing about changes in the individual and the group that we train, addressing their information, opinions, behavior and attitudes to make them fit to perform their agricultural tasks." This is because training is a continuous process." (Al-Abbasi, 2019), and all of this is in the direction of increasing agricultural production on the one hand, and protecting the environment and food on the other hand, which is what we seek in agricultural extension to change behavior in order to activate the role of agricultural extension in achieving sustainable agricultural development. Ensure food security for the country 10 -Activating the use of extension methods and Aids In essence, agricultural extension is a learning communication that aims to bring about desirable changes in the behavior of the masses of the extension its, in terms of their knowledge or skills, or in changing their attitudes, or a combination of that, in order to raise their standards of life as individuals, families and a local community. The successful mentor is the one who is keen to ensure that each individual from the audience of farmers is affected by the content of the extension message that he conveys to them in various extension methods and means of communication. It is scientifically proven that the more diverse and varied the methods and means of agricultural extension used in communicating with farmers, the greater the effectiveness of the teaching and learning process, and the faster the adoption of the elements of the new agricultural technology disseminated by those methods and agricultural extension communication aids. The results of agricultural extension research indicate that the degree of farmers' confidence, influence and response to a method or method, and the speed of response, varies according to many factors related to the guided individuals and their personal characteristics, or related to the method or means of communication and its characteristics, or environmental situational conditions. This confirms the absence of an optimal agricultural extension method or method, suitable for communicating with all targeted individuals and influencing them with the same efficiency. Accordingly, it can be said that the success of an extension method or an extension aid in one community does not necessarily mean its success in another community because the agricultural extension methods and aids should be appropriate to the characteristics and conditions of the targeted farmers. (Al-Ajeili and Dlger, 2017)

11-The Agricultural Media Role: -
The media plays an important role in the field of sustainable agricultural development and thus brings about intense and intentional social changes, and this is helped by the great expansion and the terrible plurality of the available media, including audio, print and visual in all their available forms, until the whole world has become a small village. This is in addition to the good social climate that the media enjoys that helps in effective work, as well as freedom of opinion, in addition to its possession of the latest communication technology. The importance of the media is evident in the success of rural development programs and in bringing about tangible social changes in many countries of the world (Al-Samarrai and Adnan, 1990), as indicated by many studies. These studies showed the dynamic effects of the media on the rural population as follows: -The media plays a leading role in increasing the degree of cultural openness, as it is a renewable and interesting source of knowledge.
-It contributes to providing farmers with many diverse skills, especially television programs, where farmers acquire new skills, including those related to agricultural development processes, rural manufacturing, home life and storage, and various development activities: --It contributes to positively modifying attitudes towards development and change, and then the speed of individuals' acceptance of technologies, leading to their settlement in farmers' farms, and thus increasing production and moving towards achieving food security.
-It leads to an increase in the aspirations of the population, which provides a good measure for the individual to strive and work hard to improve his situation, especially with regard to agricultural production.
-It helps the individual in the agricultural decision-making process, by providing him with a quantity of information and knowledge that facilitates his indirect decision-making.
-It plays a vital role in preparing the population for development and change, and putting them in a state of readiness to implement development activities and programs, and this is the first step and psychological preparation necessary to participate in development activities -It plays the main role in the dissemination and adoption of agricultural technologies, which are the necessary means to increase production, improve living standards, and prepare for the acceptance of these technologies. Therefore, those in charge of agricultural extension work in Iraq should pay attention to the media role of agricultural extension and activate it to achieve sustainable agricultural development Figure (

RECOMMENDATION
It is important to the policy and decision makers in the Ministry of Agriculture and the Agricultural Extension and Training Office to benefit from this study and put its results into application.

Prepare farms to speed up the adoption process
Spreading the idea of agricultural industrializatio n and small agricultural projects Reducing the rate of environmental and food pollution

Development Of Agricultural Extension Organization
Agricultural media role

Agricultural Extension Training
Supporting the concept of participation in building extension programs Raising the efficiency and productivity of the farms Reducing waste and rationalizing consumption Activate the use of methods and aids